CHARACTERISTICS OF SUITABILITY FOR MACHINE MILKING OF SIMMENTAL COWS AND ITS CROSS-BREED WITH RED-AND-WHITE HOLSTEINS

Для характеристики пригодности к машинному доению коров разной степени кровности по симментальской породе в условиях Поволжья были оценены 237 особей симментальской породы и помесей разной степени кровности по красно-пестрым голштинам (КПГ): 25—50%, 50—75% и выше 75%. Оцениваемыми признаками являются форма вымени и сосков, среднесуточный удой, время доения, интенсивность молокоотдачи. Установлено, что среднесуточный удой в группе коров с кровностью 25—50% по КПГ достоверно (Р<0,01) превышал этот показатель у чистопородных симменталов. Время доения в этой группе (12,23±0,21 мин) было достоверно меньше, а интенсивность молокоотдачи (1,9±0,03 кг/мин) достоверно (Р<0,01) выше по сравнению с чистопородными животными. По величине среднесуточного удоя между коровами с ваннообразной и чашеообразной формами вымени не выявлено достоверных различий, коровы с ваннообразным выменем достоверно (Р<0,05) превосходят особей с округлым выменем. Установлено, что все изученные признаки пригодности к машинному доению достоверно коррелируют друг с другом, что требует обязательного использования хотя бы одного из них при селекционной работе. Коэффициент корреляции между среднесуточным удоем и временем доения колебался от 0,416 до 0,603 во всех исследуемых группах. Взаимосвязь между суточным удоем и скоростью доения варьировала от 0,316 до 0,758. Ее показатели были значимыми при Р<0,01 во всех исследуемых группах. Между среднесуточным удоем и скоростью доения выявлена положительная связь, которая меняется от сильной до почти слабой с увеличением кровности по КПГ. To characterize the suitability for machine milking of cows of different pedigree in the Simmental breed in the Volga region we evaluated 237 cows of Simmental breed and crossbreeds of different blood streak by red and white Holstein: 25—50%, 50—75% and above 75%. The udder and teat shape, daily milk yield, time of milking and intensity of milk yield were evaluated. It was established that the average daily milk yield in the group of cows with blood 25—50% by Holstein was significantly higher than that in the group of purebred Simmental cows (P<0.01). The milking time in this group (12.23±0.21 min) was significantly shorter, and the milking intensity (1.9±0.03 kg/min) was significantly higher in comparison with purebred cows (P<0.01). There were no significant differences in the average daily milk yield between the cows with bowl-shaped and tub-shaped udders, the cows with tub-shaped udders significantly exceeded the cows with round udders (P<0.05). It was found that all the studied traits of suitability for machine milking significantly correlate with each other, which requires obligatory use of at least one of them in selection work. The correlation coefficient between the average daily milk yield and time of milking ranged from 0.416 to 0.603 and the correlations were significant in all the groups. In our study, the correlation between daily milk yield and milking rate ranged from 0.316 to 0.758, its values were significant at P<0.01 in all groups under investigation. Positive correlation between average daily milk yield and milking rate was found in all studied groups; however, it varied from strong to almost weak with the increase of the blooding rate.

Determination of uric acid in grain using HPLC

В данной статье показана возможность улучшения определения мочевой кислоты методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии (ВЭЖХ), с помощью увеличения растворимости ее в 1 %-ном растворе ацетата натрия, повышения удержания мочевой кислоты и тем самым изменения времени выхода, что позволяет повысить точность анализа. Проведено сравнение градуировочных растворов и опытных образцов зерна зараженных вредителями хлебных запасов. В процессе исследования был опробован метод для определения и идентификации мочевой кислоты как одного из загрязняющих зерно веществ с помощью ВЭЖХ в обращенной фазе. Экспериментально опробована и усовершенствована методика анализа мочевой кислоты в зерне с использованием жидкостного хроматографа «Стайер». Описаны оборудование и материалы для ВЭЖХ, условия хроматографического разделения и детектирования, построения калибровочного графика, экстракции, включая методику экстракции, сходимости результатов при экстракции и введении экстракта в хроматограф, а также порядок и расчет измерений. Экспериментально показано, что усовершенствованная методика с применением ВЭЖХ позволяет использовать ее для проведения дальнейших исследований зависимости содержания мочевой кислоты от величины загрязнения зерна насекомыми. This article shows the possibility of improving the determination of uric acid by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), by increasing its solubility in a 1 % solution of sodium acetate, increasing the retention of uric acid, and thereby changing the yield time, which allow to improve the accuracy of the analysis, a comparison of calibration solutions and experimental grain samples of pest-infected bread stocks have been carried out. During the research course a method for the determination and identification of uric acid has been tested as one of the grain polluting substance using HPLC in the reversed phase. The method of uric acid in grain analysis using a liquid chromatograph «Stayer» has been experimentally tested and improved. The equipment and materials for HPLC, the conditions of chromatographic separation and detection, the construction of a calibration graph, extraction, including the extraction method, the convergence of the results during extraction and the introduction of the extract into the chromatograph, as well as the course and calculation of measurements have been described. It has been experimentally shown that the improved method with HPLC allows to use it for further research of the uric acid content dependence on the amount of grain contamination by insects.

Boundary Layer Multi-Property Flow Measurements Using a Micro-Plasma Sensor

When voltage is applied between two electrodes situated in close proximity to each other (10–100 μm), a weakly ionized, low temperature plasma discharge can be generated. This in turn creates a plasma sheath, an electrically ionized boundary layer (typically of the order of 10’s to 100’s of microns), where space charge effects dominate. The sheath acts like a virtual capacitor, with the plasma behaving as an inductor. Aerodynamic effects influence the plasma morphology (shape, thickness), thus making the plasma the transduction mechanism. The attraction to the use of plasma discharge as a transduction method for fluid flow property measurement stem from the fact that it lends itself to a probe implementation that is simple in design, can be miniaturized, and at the same time offers unmatched capability for handling ultra-high temperature environments. Sensing plasma discharge characteristics and their variation due to flow interaction can be done electrically, but also optically to yield time-varying intensity and spectral information from fluid-plasma interaction. The current paper focuses on the deployment of a micro-plasma sensor system as a new novel multi-parameter sensing approach for surface flow measurement. Results on pressure dynamics, shear flow, and other possible engineering parameters will be discussed in the context of results from several bench-level experiments.

In Vitro Profiling of Anti-tubercular Compounds by Rapid, Efficient, and Non-Destructive Assays Using Auto-luminescent Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Anti-infective drug discovery is greatly facilitated by the availability of in vitro assays that are more proficient at predicting the preclinical success of screening hits. TB drug-discovery is hindered by the relatively slow growth rate of Mycobacterium , and the use of whole cell-based in vitro assays that are inherently time consuming and for these reasons, rapid, non-invasive bioluminescence-based assays have been widely used in anti-TB drug discovery and development. In this study, in vitro assays that employ auto-luminescent M. tuberculosis (Mtb) were optimized to determine MIC, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), time-kill curves, activity against macrophage internalized Mtb (EC 90 ), and post-antibiotic effect (PAE), to provide rapid and dynamic biological information. Standardization of the luminescence-based MIC, MBC, time-kill, EC 90, and PAE assays was accomplished by comparing results of established TB drugs and two ClpC1-targeting TB leads, ecumicin and rufomycin, to those obtained from conventional assays and/or to previous studies. Cumulatively, the use of the various streamlined luminescence based in vitro assays has reduced the time for comprehensive in vitro profiling (MIC, MBC, time-kill, EC 90, and PAE) by 2 months. The luminescence-based in vitro MBC and EC 90 assays yield time and concentration-dependent kill information that can be used for PK/PD modelling. The MBC and EC 90 time kill graphs revealed a significantly more rapid bactericidal activity for ecumicin than rufomycin. The PAEs of both ecumicin and rufomycin were comparable to that of the first line TB drug rifampin. The optimization of several non-destructive, luminescence-based TB assays facilitates the in vitro profiling of TB drug leads in an efficient manner.

Optimizing the Role of Tempe Makers in the Development of KAMPUNG TEMPE Potentials as the Pioneer of Food and Climate Sovereignty

Beji Village, Junrejo Sub-District of Batu City has been known as “Kampung Tempe” as most of the people produce tempe. Active participation from universities is definitely important to assist the production of “tempe” in Beji village. This assistance program is aimed to enhance the production of “ tempe” to optimize the production yield, time-efficiency and hygiene which also generate adequate profits. The target subjects of this social assistance program was the group of SMSE “tempe” active businessmen in “Kampung Tempe”. The program included assistance in producing “Tempe” using Glucono Delta-Lactone method. This technology was expected to be the solution to address problems related to inconsistent quality due to the use of traditional method without reducing the taste and quality. This program was administered as a training program which included advisory, demonstration and independent assistance. The results of this research showed that the program successfully improved subjects’ knowledge on the use of more efficient method which produced “tempe” with better quality within shorter time, making the cash flow more efficient

Highly effective synthesis of 1-thioamidoalkyl-2-naphthols and tetrahydropyridines using a nanostructured silica-based catalyst under mild conditions

Aim and Objective: Nano-2-[N',N'-dimethyl-N'-(silica-n-propyl)ethanaminium chloride]-N,N-dimethylaminium bisulfate (nano-[DSPECDA][HSO4]) was used as a highly effective and heterogeneous silica-based nanostructured catalyst for the synthesis of 1-thioamidoalkyl-2-naphthols and substituted tetrahydropyridines. Material and Methods: The expected products were prepared in mild conditions. In this work, three novel 1- thioamidoalkyl-2-naphthols and two new tetrahydropyridine derivatives were synthesized and characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR and Mass spectroscopy. Results: One-pot multi-component condensation of 2-naphthol with arylaldehydes and thioacetamide catalyzed by nano- [DSPECDA][HSO4] under green, mild and solvent-free conditions led to 1-thioamidoalkyl-2-naphthols in high yields. The nanocatalyst was also used for the preparation of functionalized tetrahydropyridines by the one-pot multi-component reaction of anilines, arylaldehydes and ethylacetoacetate under solvent-free and mild conditions. Conclusion: The reactions results are better compared to the literature in terms of one or more of these factors: yield, time, and the reaction media. All the products were purified by recrystallization from EtOH, and without column chromatography, which is good agreement with the green chemistry protocols.

Impact of Climate Change on Rainfall Distribution on Cassava Yield in Coastal and Upland Areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

This study examined the implication of rainfall variability on cassava yield in selected coastal and upland areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Thirty years daily rainfall data were collected from Nigeria Meteorological Agency (1989 – 2018); cassava yield data were also collected from Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Agriculture Uyo (1989 – 2018). Descriptive statistics was used to determine the average annual rainfall and cassava yield. Time series analysis were used to assess the relationship between rainfall and cassava yield. The result indicated an increase in rainfall trends in all areas with Eket – r2 = 0.6631, Oron - r2 = 0.5329, Uyo - r2 = 0.4215 and Ikot Ekpene - r2 = 0.4042. The result also showed an increase in yield of cassava in Uyo and Ikot Ekpene at r2 = 0.2436 and 0.4397 respectively; while its decreases in Eket and Oron at r2 = 0.0611 and 0.1159 respectively. This suggested that a high yield of cassava may be achieved only in the upland areas of Akwa Ibom State due to continuous increase in rainfall as a result of climate change.

Convergent and Divergent Paired Electrodeposition of Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films

Employing the environmentally friendly methods for synthesis of the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is an urgent need and sustainable development in the synthesis of these compounds is essential. In this way, ignoring the counter electrode reaction is a potentially negative point from green chemistry standpoint which increases some issues like energy consumption and reaction time. We wish to introduce the “paired electrodeposition” (PED) technique as a new method for the simultaneous synthesis and deposition of the MOF thin films (MOFTFs). This protocol implements the uniform pattern of two MOFTF modified substrates by “convergent (CPED: Zna/Znc-MOFTFs) and divergent (DPED: Cua/Znc-MOFTFs) paired electrodeposition” via a one-step synthesis. With the rule of thumb, enhanced energy efficiency and atom economy, increasing electrochemical yield, time-saving along with a variety of products are advantages of this technique. Besides, the “Electrode Modification Efficiency” has introduced for the evaluation of functionality and modification efficiency of electrochemical heterogeneous systems, especially MOFTFs. To investigate this concept, we synthesized Zn3(BTC)2 and Cu3(BTC)2 as MOF models under constant current electrolysis in water and at room temperature. This work can make a breakthrough in the green synthesis of metal-organic frameworks.

ANALYSIS OF THE COST OF FOREST HARVESTING FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CHARCOAL FOR IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

This study aimed to analyze the production cost structure of the system of short logs, operating with the log lengths of 2.1 m, 3.7 m and 5.0 m and to determine which of the three log lengths enables a lower final cost in the production of charcoal. Data collected from a forestry company in the municipality of Paraopeba (state of Minas Gerais, Brazil) were used. An analysis of the cutting process, the transportation and the charcoal production was performed. The results showed that the hourly cost of the short log system is higher when using larger log lengths. The cost per unit quantities (cubic meters and tons) of treatments with longer logs is smaller due to its higher yield time. The system with logs of 5.0 m presents an inferior cost for the production of charcoal when compared to the same system with logs between 3.7 m and 2.1 m of length.

Compression-Assisted Arthrocentesis of the Knee as a Quality Improvement Intervention

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe present study reports the introduction of mechanical compression of the knee for arthrocentesis as quality improvement intervention in a procedure clinic.Methods430 consecutive symptomatic osteoarthritic knees underwent arthrocentesis followed by corticosteroid injection (1mg/kg of triamcinolone acetonide). The first 215 consecutive knees underwent conventional arthrocentesis and injection; the quality intervention of a mechanical compression brace was introduced, and the next 215 consecutive knees underwent mechanical compression-assisted arthrocentesis follow by injection. Pain scores, arthrocentesis success, fluid yield, time-to-next-intervention, injections/year, and medical costs were measured.ResultsNo serious adverse events occurred in 430 subjects. Diagnostic synovial fluid (≥2 ml) was obtained in 9.3% (20/215) without compression and 40.9% (88/215) with compression (p=0.00001, z for 95% CI= 1.96, Pierson). Mechanical compression was associated with a 231% increase in mean arthrocentesis volume: compression 5.3±11.2 ml, conventional 1.6±6.4 ml (CI of difference 2.0 <3.7< 5.4; p=0.00001). Time-to-next-intervention after compression-assisted arthrocentesis was longer: 6.9±3.5 months compared to conventional: 5.1±2.7 months (p<0.00001, 95% CI of difference 1.2 <1.8< 2.3). Mechanical compression was associated with a reduction in the number of corticosteroid injections administered per year: mechanical compression: 1.7±0.9 injections/year; conventional: 2.4±0.5 injections/year (p<0.00001, 95% CI of difference −0.83 < −0.70< −0.56). Mechanical compression did not increase overall yearly costs associated with management of the symptomatic knee (mechanical compression: $293.30/year/knee, conventional: $373.29/year/knee) (p<0.0001, 95% CI of difference 47 <80< 112).ConclusionsRoutine mechanical compression of the knee for arthrocentesis and injection is an effective bioengineering quality improvement intervention in a procedure clinic.