Application of Smart Technologies in Metropolis GZM to Reduce Harmful Emissions in District Heating Systems

Harmful emissions from heating installations have recently received public attention in Poland. Polish municipalities mainly take their heat from local district heating networks with large-scale coal-fired heat sources. Today, transition to nonemissive sources on this scale would be impractical. The easiest way to reduce carbon emissions is to limit heat consumption, but at the same time, to preserve thermal comfort, the application of smart technologies is necessary. Veolia operates on 71 district heating systems in Poland, including Warsaw, Lodz, and Poznan. Since heat consumption in Warsaw and Metropolis GZM is at a similar level, this is a case study of Hubgrade automation system application within the Warsaw district heating network. This paper also presents results of simulation of harmful emission reduction potential in Metropolis GZM. Simulation results show that there is a potential for saving approximately 275 kt of CO2 for the whole Metropolis GZM.

Modeling & Simulation of Speed Control Mechanism for Electric Vehicle

Due to increasing growth in urbanization and internet the way of lifestyle has been changing day by day. In order to ensure that harmful emission are monitored and can be controlled the acceptance of electric vehicles has been increased. In this paper we deal with control mechanism of different types of motors used in EVs mainly DC, IM, BLDC and PMSM motors. The paper contains proper MATLAB modelling and speed vs time graph so as to achieve a proper understanding regarding aspects of speed control and problems related to it.

Determination of emission of iron oxides from the welding process on the basis of mathematical models

Oxygen in metals is most often present in the form of oxides, including: FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4. The complexity of the welding process means that oxygen compounds can enter both the liquid metal and the atmosphere, causing negative effects. A welder is exposed to harmful emission of oxides entering the human body through the respiratory system or pores in the skin. The essence of the problem is so serious that standards for air purity and determination of amount of oxides at workplaces have been introduced. The article presents the results of research on the influence of the welding current intensity on the emission of air pollutants (in particular the emission of iron oxides) of the inhalable and respirable fractions. The bench tests were carried out on the basis of the applicable standards for air quality at welding stations. Based on the test results, on the basis of the R program, mathematical models of the emission of iron oxides generated during the welding process were developed. It was observed that with the increase of the welding current, the average value of the emission of iron oxides – both the inhalable and respirable fractions – increases. For both fractions, it was also noted that the model values ​​are closer to the values measured in the model No. 1.

Regeneration Energy for Nonlinear Active Suspension System Using Electromagnetic Actuator

The main purpose of using the suspension system in vehicles is to prevent the road disturbance from being transmitted to the passengers. Therefore, a precise controller should be designed to improve the performances of suspension system. This paper presents a modeling and control of the nonlinear full vehicle active suspension system with passenger seat utilizing Fuzzy Model Reference Learning Control (FMRLC) technique. The components of the suspension system are: damper, spring and actuator, all of those components have nonlinear behavior, so that, nonlinear forces that are generated by those components should be taken into account when designed the control system. The designed controller consumes high power so that when the control system is used, the vehicle will consume high amount of fuel. It notes that, when vehicle is driven on a rough road; there will be a shock between the sprung mass and the unsprung mass. This mechanical power dissipates and converts into heat power by a damper. In this paper, the wasted power has reclaimed in a proper way by using electromagnetic actuator. The electromagnetic actuator converts the mechanical power into electrical power which can be used to drive the control system. Therefore, overall power consumption demand for the vehicle can be reduced. When the electromagnetic actuator is used three main advantages can be obtained: firstly, fuel consumption by the vehicle is decreased, secondly, the harmful emission is decreases, therefore, our environment is protected, and thirdly, the performance of the suspension system is improved as shown in the obtained results.

The Influence of Water and DEE as Additives with Diesel Fuel in a Light Duty Diesel Engine Generator-An Experimental Investigation

Currently, our global environment has been affected due to the air pollution caused by many sectors (such as automotive, industrial, transportation) in higher magnitudes. Many environmentalists, scientists, researchers and engineers have contributed their efforts to eradicate the air pollution. It is well known noted that most of the harmful pollutants were evolved from diesel engine power engines/plants. Considering the objective of enhancing performance and reducing harmful emissions of diesel engine, the current research work has been conducted on mixing DEE (Di-Ethyl Ether) and normal water with normal diesel fuel in definite quantities. Five stages of investigations were carried out to perform the task of blending water and DEE with the normal diesel fuel. In the first stage, to obtain the baseline readings, normal diesel fuel was experimented in a light duty constant speed diesel engine. Normal water (2% & 4% by vol.) was combined with the normal diesel fuel with the aid of emulsifiers (Span80 & Tween80) and mechanical stirrer (speed of 3000 rpm) to obtain the water blended diesel emulsion fuels in the second stage. In the third stage, DEE was mixed with water-emulsion fuels which were prepared in the second stage. The stability and properties of fuels was determined in the fourth stage. In the fifth stage, the prepared stable DEE-water-diesel emulsion fuels were tested in a light duty constant speed diesel engine generator and eventually compared to those readings of normal diesel fuel. Experimental outcome from all the tested fuels revealed that water and DEE mixed emulsion fuels reflected better performance and reduced harmful emission attributes.

Biodiesel, Promising Fuel and its Impact on Performance of IC Engine

Biodiesel is an effective alternative fuel that can be used in vehicles. These biodiesels can be obtained from different sources such as vegetable oil, animal oil, non-food biomass, algae and artificially obtained oil. This document reviews different works considering the utilization of biodiesel, its blends and the impact on the IC engine performance and emission. These review study are categorized in four categories in order to get a clearer idea of the biodiesel and its impact on the engine. These categories are divided as engine performance, engine emissions mainly of NOx, impact of biodiesel on engine component and vice versa, and different generations of biodiesel. The first category describes the research work on the impact of biodiesel on the emission of NOx. Several investigations have been studied regarding this and presented in this review. Second category in this document deals with the effect of biodiesel when used in an IC engine, on the performance of IC engine and also the piston thrust inside the chamber. The third category shows several investigations that were studied and presented the work regarding the effects of biodiesel on the engine components, such as fuel delivery materials (FDM). It also has been seen that the deterioration of biodiesel can also happen under common rail diesel engine operation. And the last categorization was done considering the yield of biodiesel which is divided on the basis of its origin into four generations from where biodiesel is actually extracted. Several authors have performed their works which adheres the last category and explained the different impact of different generation of biodiesel. In the applications, it was observed that it has been seen as the accurate replacement of diesel especially in the IC engines. Also the much lesser harmful emission and less amount of emission are observed. After all these, the performance of engine is also seen as improved.

Investigation of cottonseed oil biodiesel with ethanol as an additive on fuel properties, engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine

In last few years in automobile sector there is a emerging need of an alternative fuel because of depletion of the stock of fossil fuels in all over the world. Bio-diesel in this regard contested a strong alternative to the conventional fuels. Bio-diesel contains 9-10% higher oxygen and higher cetane number which allows its good combustion in the combustion chambers of the engine. But poor hot flow and cold flow properties of biodiesel restricts their applications in the field of automotives. So the blends of biodiesel in percentage with diesel and ethanol as an properties enhancer additives are used in the biodiesel/diesel blend. Reduced viscosity, higher calorific value, improved flash and fire point and enhanced cold flow properties of the blends with ethanol as an additive, enhanced the combustion and reduced harmful emissions from the engine. Experimental work presented in this paper is by considering cottonseed biodiesel as raw feedstock blended with diesel and 5% ethanol. Properties were investigated experimentally as per IS 1448 standards. Trials were conducted on the single cylinder diesel. Results show that there are significant improvements in the properties of the blend, performance, combustion and reduced harmful emission from the engine. Experimental investigation reported that ethanol as an additives in the blends of cotton-seed biodiesel with diesel reduces kinematic viscosity by 7%, cold flow properties by 9% to 10% . But on the other hand but density of the blend is increased by 3% and higher heating value is decreased by 9%.

The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Calophyllum inophyllum—Palm Biodiesel

Nowadays, increased interest among the scientific community to explore the Calophyllum inophyllum as alternative fuels for diesel engines is observed. This research is about using mixed Calophyllum inophyllum-palm oil biodiesel production and evaluation that biodiesel in a diesel engine. The Calophyllum inophyllum–palm oil methyl ester (CPME) is processed using the following procedure: (1) the crude Calophyllum inophyllum and palm oils are mixed at the same ratio of 50:50 volume %, (2) degumming, (3) acid-catalysed esterification, (4) purification, and (5) alkaline-catalysed transesterification. The results are indeed encouraging which satisfy the international standards, CPME shows the high heating value (37.9 MJ/kg) but lower kinematic viscosity (4.50 mm2/s) due to change the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition compared to Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester (CIME). The average results show that the blended fuels have higher Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and NOx emissions, lower Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), along with CO and HC emissions than diesel fuel over the entire range of speeds. Among the blends, CPME5 offered better performance compared to other fuels. It can be recommended that the CPME blend has great potential as an alternative fuel because of its excellent characteristics, better performance, and less harmful emission than CIME blends.