The Link Between External and Internal Body-Image Shame and Binge Eating in Men and Women: The Mediating Role of Self-criticism

Background: Binge eating is a public health problem associated with reduced physical health (ie, being overweight and obese) and mental health. Binge eating symptoms are so prevalent that many people who struggle with the symptoms have never been diagnosed with the binge eating disorder (BED). Examining the underlying emotional mechanisms of this behavior and the gender differences in these mechanisms remains largely unexplored. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the association between internal and external body-image shame and binge eating symptoms in men and women mediated by self-criticism. Methods: This correlation study was based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included all students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Finally, using multi-stage cluster random sampling, a total of 313 participants were included in the study. Instruments including Body-Image Shame Scale (BISS), Forms of Self-criticizing/Self-reassuring Scale (FSCRS), and Binge Eating Scale (BES) were used in the study. Results: According to the results, the severity of binge eating symptoms had a positive and significant relationship with external and internal body-image shame, hated-self, and inadequate-self, while it had a negative and significant relationship with reassured-self. The results also indicated that in men, inadequate-self, and reassured-self, and in women, hated-self, inadequate-self, and reassured-self mediated the association between internal and external body-image shame and the severity of binge eating symptoms. Conclusions: Our results indicated that forms of self-criticism could differently mediate the relationship between external and internal body-image shame and the severity of binge eating symptoms in Iranian men and women. This gender difference in the mediation model can be considered in clinical practice, and appropriate treatment methods can be used accordingly.

Species of pandan (Pandanus sp) in Gorom Island, East Seram Regency

The purpose of this study was to determine the Species of Pandanus (Pandanus sp) in Gorom Island, East Seram Regency. The object used in this study was the external body structure of pandanus plants (pandanus sp) such as fruit, flowers, leaves, stems and roots. This research was conducted directly by direct survey in the field and observing the species of pandanus (Pandanus sp), this research includes observations on fruit, flowers, leaves, stems, and roots. Based on the results of the study found 6 species of pandan (Pandanus sp) that is : Pandan Duri, Pandan Mengkuwang, Pandan Kowang, Pandan Sepajam, Pandan Wangi dan Pandan Laut. Of these 6 species we can distinguish from the shape of the leaves, stem shapes, fruit shapes, and root shapes.

Morphometric Study of Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Rattus rattus in Qatar

The current study was undertaken to estimate the morphometric pattern of three commensal rodents, i.e., Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Rattus rattus in Qatar. One hundred forty-eight rodents were captured from different facilities throughout Qatar. The captured rodents were used to identify the external body and cranio-mandibular morphometry. The study found that R. norvregicus was the most prevalent (n = 120, 81%, 95% CI: 73.83–87.05). Most of the rodents were collected from Al Rayan municipality (n = 92, 62%), were adults (n = 138, 93.2%, 95% CI: 87.92–96.71), and were from livestock farms (n = 79, 49%, 95% CI: 41.02–57.65). The rodents’ average body weights were 18.8 ± 2.2 gm, 264.3 ± 87.5 gm, and 130 ± 71.3 gm for M. musculus, R. norvegicus, and R. rattus, respectively. The research found that the studied rodents are smaller than those of other countries such as Turkey, Tunisia, and Iran. The study of morphometry is a useful tool for the traditional identification of small mammal species, including rodents. The average morphometric measurements of the external body and skull were normally distributed and can be used as a reference of R. norvegicus and R. rattus for Qatar. A further comprehensive study is required to investigate the rodent population index, eco-friendly control program, and public health importance in Qatar.

EXTERIOR AND CONSTITUTIONAL TYPES OF FIRST-CALF COWS OF THE SWISS BROWN BREED

Изучили экстерьерно-конституциональные типы коров-первотелок швицкой бурой породы согласно промерам основных статей телосложения. Измерение проводили со 2-го по 5-й мес лактации. На основании полученных данных были выделены 3 типа телосложения коров: лептосомный (узкотелый), мезосомный (промежуточный) и эйрисомный (широкотелый). Установлено, что из обследованного поголовья (n=42) к узкотелому типу телосложения было отнесено 21,4% (n=9), ко второму — 28,6% (n=12) и третьему — 50,0% (21 голова). Животные лептосомного типа достоверно превосходили своих сверстниц эйрисомного типа на 3,5% (Р≤0,01), высоте в крестце — на 3,2% (Р≤0,001). Коровы эйрисомного типа имели некоторое преимущество по глубине, ширине и обхвату груди. Животные лептосомного типа достоверно превосходили сверстниц мезосомного и эйрисомного типов по индексу высоконогости (на 9,5—13,1%). По индексу растянутости разница была незначительной, с превосходством коров эйрисомного типа, они также были более широкотелы и имели некоторое преимущество по индексу сбитости (на 1,3—2,4%) и грудному индексу (на 2,4—3,1%). По тазо-грудному индексу и костистости между животными мезосомных и эйрисомных типов нет существенной разницы, а с лептосомными разница составила 4,2—4,6% (Р≤0,05), 2,6—3,2% (Р≤0,05) соответственно. Из исследуемого поголовья коров-первотелок наибольшим удоем (1415 кг), выходом молочного жира (54,1 кг) и белка (47,3 кг) за первые 100 дней лактации характеризовались коровы-первотелки лептосомного типа, животные мезосомного типа имели промежуточные показатели. При разработке планов совершенствования стада рекомендуем определять экстерьерно-конституциональные типы и учитывать их в селекции. We studied the exterior and constitutional types of first-calf cows of the Swiss brown breed according to the measurements of the external body parts of the constitution. The measurement was performed from the 2nd to the 5th month of lactation. Based on the data obtained, 3 constitutional types of cows were identified: leptosomic (shallow-bodied), mesosomic (intermediate), and eurysomic (broad-bodied). It was found that 21.4% of the examined livestock (n=42) were classified as shallow-bodied (n=9), 28.6% (n=12) as mesosomic, and 50.0% (21 animals) as eurysomic. Animals of the leptosomic type significantly exceeded their herdmates of the eurysomic type by 3.5% (P≤0.01); height at hips — by 3.2% (P≤0.001). The eurysomic cows had some advantage in chest depth, width, and girth. Animals of the leptosomic type significantly exceeded their herdmates of the mesosomic and eurysomic types in terms of the long legs index (by 9.5—13.1%). The difference in the stretch index was insignificant, with the superiority of the eurysomic type of cows, they were also more broad-bodied, and had some advantage in the blockiness index (by 1.3—2.4%) and the thoracic index (by 2.4—3.1%). Following the pelvic-thoracic and bones indices, no significant difference is observed between mesosomic and eurysomic animals, and the difference with leptosomic animals was 4.2—4.6% (P≤0.05), 2.6—3.2% (P≤0.05), respectively. Among the studied first-calf cows, the highest milk yield (1415 kg), the content of milk fat (54.1 kg), and protein (47.3 kg) for the first 100 days of lactation were typical for first-calf cows of the leptosomic type, animals of the mesosomic type had intermediate indicators. Therefore, when developing plans for improving the herd, we recommend determining the exterior and constitutional types and take them into account for breeding.

An Analytically Derived Shear Stress and Kinetic Energy Equation for One-Equation Modelling of Complex Turbulent Flows

The Reynolds stress equations for two-dimensional and axisymmetric turbulent shear flows are simplified by invoking local equilibrium and boundary layer approximations in the near-wall region. These equations are made determinate by appropriately modelling the pressure–velocity correlation and dissipation rate terms and solved analytically to give a relation between the turbulent shear stress τρ and the kinetic energy of turbulence (k =q22). This is derived without external body force present. The result is identical to that proposed by Nevzgljadov in A Phenomenological Theory of Turbulence, who formulated it through phenomenological arguments based on atmospheric boundary layer measurements. The analytical approach is extended to treat turbulent flows with external body forces. A general relation τρ = a11 - AFRiFq22 is obtained for these flows, where FRiF is a function of the gradient Richardson number RiF, and a1 is found to depend on turbulence models and their assumed constants. One set of constants yields a1= 0.378, while another gives a1= 0.328. With no body force, F ≡ 1 and the relation reduces to the Nevzgljadov equation with a1 determined to be either 0.378 or 0.328, depending on model constants set assumed. The present study suggests that 0.328 is in line with Nevzgljadov's proposal. Thus, the present approach provides a theoretical base to evaluate the turbulent shear stress for flows with external body forces. The result is used to reduce the k–e model to a one-equation model that solves the k-equation, the shear stress and kinetic energy equation, and an e evaluated by assuming isotropic eddy viscosity behavior.

Biometric study of the deep bodied mahseer Tor tor (Hamilton Buchanan) from Ujh River, Kathua (J&K)

Morphometric characters and meristic count of a fish, Tor tor (Hamilton Buchanan) have been studied from river Ujh, a tributary of river Ravi in District Kathua, (J&K). Collection of samples on monthly basis was conducted for the study of morphological characters of Tor tor. Present study shows some deviations with respect to few morphometric characters and meristic counts that have been aptly discussed in the following discussion. The positive correlation has been observed between total length and external body parts. The highly strong correlated body parameter in relation to total length is standard length (r = 0.98) and least correlated with eye diameter (r = 0.32) and the highly correlated external body part in relation to standard length is caudal length (r = 0.96) and least correlated part is eye diameter (r = 0.35) and also strong correlation was observed between head length and maximum body depth (r = 0.93) and least correlation between head length and eye diameter (r = 0.23). The correlation analysis shows that all the morphometric characters change proportionally with increase in the total length. These results act as baseline data on morphometry of Tor tor which helps in easy identification and will be beneficial for the development of conservational strategies of the natural stocks of Tor tor in river Ujh, Kathua (J&K).