Adaptive Intelligence: Intelligence Is Not a Personal Trait but Rather a Person × Task × Situation Interaction

This article explores the advantages of viewing intelligence not as a fixed trait residing within an individual, but rather as a person × task × situation interaction. The emphasis in the article is on the role of persons solving tasks embedded in situations involving learning, intellectual abilities, and competencies. The article opens with a consideration of the role of situations in intelligent behavior. The article then discusses how intelligence is more similar to creativity and wisdom, in terms of the role of situations, than many psychologists have realized. Then the article reviews the role of situations in identity-based and irrational thinking and in conspiratorial thinking and cults. Next the article discusses the demonstrated importance of situations in assessment, but also notes the difficulties in sampling situations. Finally, the article draws conclusions, in particular, that, given our lack of situation-based tests, we need to be more modest in our interpretations results from conventional tests of intelligence.

Pergeseran Perilaku Konsumen Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Ditinjau Berdasarkan Efek Bandwagon, Snob dan Veblen

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the effect of Bandwagon, Snob, and Veblen by consumers on cycling and plant collecting based on gender, area of residence, income level and type of job during the Covid-19 pandemic. The method used in this study is survey with purposive sampling technique. Analysis of the data used in this study is the analysis of different tests (Chi Square). The study found out that consumer behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic, especially in cycling and plant collecting, was influenced by the Bandwagon, Snob and Veblen effect. Furthermore, the results of different tests based on area of residence, type of job, and income level show that there are differences in behavior of cycling and plant collecting. However, it is found that there is no difference on gender of respondents for the Bandwagon effect in plant collecting. It indicates that both males and females perform the activity for the Bandwagon effect. It shows that consumers make decisions on irrational thinking. Therefore, consumers must think rationally so that they will not be trapped in cognitive bias.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy untuk menurunkan perilaku melukai diri pada pasien dengan gangguan kecemasan umum

The subject is a 22 year old woman who is a victim of bullying. Subjects often think irrationally to solve problems without thinking about long-term consequences, one of which is doing self-injury. From the results of the assessment, the subject showed symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). The therapy applied to the subject is Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) to reduce irrational thinking and maladaptive behavior. Therapy carried out in 6 sessions. The results of the intervention show that the subject can change irrational thinking to become rational. The subject may decide not to self-injure while solving the problem.

Mengenal Sifat “Impostor” Melalui Teori Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)

Irrational thinking is something that has been experienced by every human being, including students. Albert Ellis said that irrational thoughts play a role in harming others. starting from irrational thoughts which make a person influenced by the impostor, where when the impostor decreases, the irrational thoughts experienced will also decrease. This study will examine the impostor as a mediator of the relationship between the nature of the impostor that we associate with one of the counseling techniques REBT. The stage before giving the survey, the author conducted a webinar with the theme “Who is the impostor in our life”. After conducting the webinar, the authors distributed the survey link to active students 2017 - 2020 regarding the nature of the impostor. Through the results of the survey link given, it is obtained data that the impostor's attitude affects human behavior. Respondents assume that they recognize the impostors who are in themselves and those around them. Abstrak : Pikiran irrasional merupakan hal yang pernah dialami oleh setiap manusia, tidak terkecuali pada mahasiswa. Albert Ellis mengatakan bahwa pikiran irasional berperan untuk merugikan orang lain. berawal dari pikiran irasional yang menjadikan seseorang dipengaruhi oleh impostor, dimana ketika impostor semakin menurun maka menurun pola pikiran irrasional yang dialami. Penelitian ini akan menguji impostor sebagai mediator hubungan antara sifat impostor yang kami kaitkan dengan salah satu teknik konseling yaitu REBT. Tahapan sebelum memberikan survey, penulis melakukan webinar yang bertema “Siapa impostor di hidup kita?”. Setelah melakukan webinar, penulis menyebarkan link survey kepada mahasiswa aktif 2017 - 2020 mengenai sifat impostor. Melalui hasil survey link yang diberikan, mendapat data bahwa sikap Impostor mempengaruhi perilaku manusia. Responden beranggapan bahwa mereka mengenali impostor yang ada dalam diri maupun orang yang ada di sekitar mereka.

TABOO LANGUAGE EXPRESSION BETWEEN SELLER AND BUYER IN TRADITIONAL MARKET

This research discussed about taboo language in Batak Toba language at Pajak Sore Padang Bulan Medan which aimed to find out the types, the impacts of taboo language expression towards customers, and how Bataknese society perceptions towards their taboo language. This research was based on Mahmoud’s theory. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The data were taken from 25 conversations of male and female participants who become sellers and customers in Traditional Market. The findings showed that there were 25 data, 20 data for the types and the impacts, 5 data for Bataknese society perceptions. The dominant types from taboo words in Batak Toba language is Insult and Slurs with 7 expressions, second is scatology with 5 expressions, followed by epithets with 3 expressions, vulgarity with 1 expression, obscenity with 1 expression. Batak sellers is the dominant use taboo language because it was their habit when they were angry but sometimes it is also a part of their close relationship, it means that how close their relationship, so they can used the taboo language. In the analyzed of the impacts of taboo language towards customers, the dominant impacts were people got offended easily and sometimes they become the people who have the irrational thinking. There were 5 perceptions of Bataknese society perceptions about their taboo language and the dominant perception were sellers and customers could not receive taboo words because they still thought that the language could have a bad impact on children because they would replicate and pronounce the taboo language.

Polarization and extremism emerge from rational choice

{Polarization is often thought to be the product of biased information search, motivated reasoning, or other psychological biases. However, polarization and extremism can still occur in the absence of any bias or irrational thinking. In this paper, we show that polarization occurs among groups of decision makers who are implementing rational choice strategies that maximize decision efficiency. This occurs because extreme information enables decision makers to make up their minds and stop considering new information, whereas moderate information is unlikely to trigger a decision. Furthermore, groups of decision makers will generate extremists -- individuals who hold strong views despite being uninformed and impulsive. In re-analyses of seven previous empirical studies on both perceptual and preferential choice, we show that both polarization and extremism manifest across a wide variety of choice paradigms. We conclude by offering theoretically-motivated interventions that could reduce polarization and extremism by altering the incentives people have when gathering information.