Phytochemical investigation of extracts of rhizomes of Hedychium Spicatum Sm. in A. Rees of Himachal Pradesh, India

Hedychium Spicatum is a rhizomatous perennial plant of various ethnomedicinal significance, which belongs to Zingiberaceae family.In the present study, H.Spicatum extracts were investigated for the presence of major phytochemical compounds. The dried and powdered rhizomes were extracted employing Soxhlet extraction with selective solvents of varying polarities viz water, ethanol, petroleum ether and diethyl ether. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of each of these extracts of H.Spicatum suggested the existence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, alkaloids, reducing sugars (carbohydrate), proteins, steroids, saponins and oils. Greater extent of unsaturation was observed in diethyl ether and petroleum ether extracts. These extracts were also examined for their physico-chemical properties. All of the studied extracts were found to be optically active, specifically dextro rotatory. The phytochemicals present in the rhizomes suggest potential ethnomedicinal application of the species in the treatment, control and management of diseases and for new drug discovery.

Greenhydrotropes-assisted route an alternative approach for extracting phytoconstituents and associateddrug delivery systems

Background: Critically challenging tasks for the researchers are isolation and extraction of chief medicinally phytoconstituents from naturally existing herbal plants. The intricate process of extraction usually involves both plant and active animal portions medicinally separated and selective solvents through standard procedures. So, most of the products contain complex mixtures of metabolites; therefore, the extraction process cycle involved in separating these products makes it increasingly difficult and indicated yields in decimals. Thus, an alternative strategy suitable for green extraction routes has recently been obtained from sustainable resources with high solvency, low toxicity, and low environmental impacts, readily biodegradable, and recycled without detrimental effects on the environment. Objectives: The process of the green hydrotrope-assisted extraction process persists in a novel and promising methodology. It maximizes the yield of phytoconstituents compared to the conventional extraction process by the employment of a variety of hydrotropes like sodium cumene sulfonate, sodium alkyl-benzene sulfonates, and sodium butyl mono-glycol sulfate. It is also involved in selective extraction of water-insoluble phytoconstituents by disorganization of the phospholipid bilayers and the aforementioned hydrotrope molecules through cell permeabilization, disrupting the cellulosic cell wall, then possibly the dissolution of the cellular contents. Conclusion: The central point of this audit is the increase of the surrender of phytoconstituents from herbal plants accomplished by the consideration of green hydrotropic-assisted extraction process, an assignment of dissolvable for the extraction of herbal grown plant, sanctioning of hydrotropes, its component, imperatively highlighting conveyance frameworks of separated extricated phytoconstituents from herbal plants to move forward their bioavailability at distinctive target destinations and its different utility angles have reflected effectively.

Effect of ethanolic extract of Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. on lipid peroxidation inhibition and microbial count in minced beef

The present research was carried out for two main targets, the first one is phytochemical and biological screening of the aerial parts of Silybum marianum. The second one is the possibility of using Silybum marianum ethanolic extract as natural preservative for extending minced beef shelf-life during refrigeration and frozen storage. The chemical analysis of dry matter revealed that total ash content was 13.04% of D.M, crude fibers, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and total tannins were (24.59%, 9.16%, 0.84% and (0.08%), respectively. The highest values of antioxidant activity were recorded in ethyl acetate and ethyl alcohol 70%extacts, respectively for successive and selective solvents with values of 82.45% and 58.85% for successive solvents, 86.84% and 70.50% for selective solvents, respectively. Antimicrobial activity showed that, S. marianum L. Gaertn. had effect on gram positive, gram negative bacteria and yeast but had no effect on different strains of studied fungi. S. marianum had an influence on microorganisms growth in minced beef, the highest effect was 1.0% for 60 days (56 CFU). The most effective concentrations on lipid peroxidation prevention in minced beef were 1.5% for 3 days and 1.5 for 60 days.

Self-Assembly of Bottlebrush Block Copolymers in Selective Solvent: Micellar Structures

Block copolymers comprising chemically different bottlebrush blocks can self-assemble in selective solvents giving rise to micellar-like solution nanostructures. The self-consistent field theoretical approach is used for predicting relation between architectural parameters of both bottlebrush blocks (polymerization degrees of the main and side chains, density of grafting of the side chains to the backbone) and structural properties of micelles as well as critical micelle concentration (CMC). As predicted by the theory, replacement of linear blocks by bottlebrush ones with the same degrees of polymerization results in a decrease in the micellar core size (in aggregation number) and extension of the corona, whereas the CMC increases. These theoretical findings are in good agreement with results of computer simulations.

Determination of pesticide residues by chromatographic methods for food safety

The paper presents the methodology of preparation of samples of oilseeds, lettuce, apples for research by chromatographic control of xenobiotics of the following chemical groups of pesticides: benzimidazole derivatives, anilinopyrimidine derivatives, bipyridylium derivatives. The implementation of the following processes is considered: homogenization of the sample, purification of the extract by solid-phase or liquid-liquid extraction, obtaining a plant extract, obtaining an extract of analytes. For fine-grained homogenized samples of sunflower seeds, the optimal ratio of raw material -extragent is 1:20, for pasty homogenized samples of apple fruit - 1:10, for liquid samples of homogenized lettuce - 1: 5. Analysis of the distribution of xenobiotics in the system octane/water, the dipole moment of solvents allowed to determine the extractants that are able to dissolve and remove xenobiotics from raw materials. It was found that a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (4: 1) should be used to remove benzimidazole derivatives and anilinopyrimidine derivatives, bipyridylium derivatives are best extracted with methanolic trifluoroacetic acid (9.5: 0.5). Quantitative analysis of xenobiotics content in extracts obtained from samples artificially enriched with xenobiotics was performed. The most complete xenobiotics were removed from samples of plant products containing traces of fat. The most difficult process of sample preparation is the process of obtaining sunflower seed extract. The content of xenobiotics in extracts obtained from samples artificially enriched in analytes is influenced by the temperature at which the process takes place and the duration of extraction. Based on the chemical composition of the sample matrix and the list of analytes, the conditions of the variable component of the methodology are proposed: obtaining plant extract under the action of selective solvents, homogenized raw material-solvent with constant stirring of the extraction system at 180-200 rpm, or under the action of ultrasonic vibrations with a frequency of 37 kHz from 4°C to 25°C for 5-25 minutes. The control of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the studied plant extracts and analyte extracts was investigated by the methods of high-performance liquid and gas chromatography (liquid and gas) with mass-selective detectors.

The role of cooling rate in crystallization-driven block copolymer self-assembly

Self-assembly of crystalline-coil block copolymers (BCPs) in selective solvents is often carried out by heating the mixture until the sample appears to dissolve and then allowing the solution to cool...

Noria and its derivatives as hosts for chemically and thermally robust Type II Porous Liquids

Porous Liquids (PLs) are a new class of material that possess both fluidity and permanent porosity. As such they can act as enhanced, selective solvents and may ultimately find applications...

Regulating Morphology and Size of Homopolypeptide Self-assembles Via Selective Solvents

It remains a great challenge to control the morphology and the size of the self-assembled homopolypeptide aggregates. In this work, the rod-like micelles including spindles and cylinders were prepared by...

Self-Assembly of Molecular Brushes with Polyimide Backbone and Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Side Chains in Selective Solvents

Three-component molecular brushes with a polyimide backbone and amphiphilic block copolymer side chains with different contents of the “inner” hydrophilic (poly(methacrylic acid)) and “outer” hydrophobic (poly(methyl methacrylate)) blocks were synthesized and characterized by molecular hydrodynamics and optics methods in solutions of chloroform, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran and ethanol. The peculiarity of the studied polymers is the amphiphilic structure of the grafted chains. The molar masses of the molecular brushes were determined by static and dynamic light scattering in chloroform in which polymers form molecularly disperse solutions. Spontaneous self-assembly of macromolecules was detected in dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran and ethanol. The aggregates size depended on the thermodynamic quality of the solvent as well as on the macromolecular architectural parameters. In dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran, the distribution of hydrodynamic radii of aggregates was bimodal, while in ethanol, it was unimodal. Moreover, in ethanol, an increase in the poly(methyl methacrylate) content caused a decrease in the hydrodynamic radius of aggregates. A significant difference in the nature of the blocks included in the brushes determines the selectivity of the used solvents, since their thermodynamic quality with respect to the blocks is different. The macromolecules of the studied graft copolymers tend to self-organization in selective solvents with formation of a core–shell structure with an insoluble solvophobic core surrounded by the solvophilic shell of side chains.