MUTUAL PATENTING TRENDS IN TELECOMMUNICATION FIELD ON THE EXAMPLE OF LEADING WORLD PATENT OFFICES

Приводятся результаты патентного исследования в области инновационных технологий на основе общей патентной статистики в мире и в России. Прослеживается устойчивый рост количества патентных заявок, подаваемых как резидентами, так и нерезидентами, в ведущих странах-лидерах. Представлена стратегия правовой охраны инновационных технических решений в целях обеспечения их продвижения на внешние и внутренние рынки. Анализируется динамика взаимного проникновения интеллектуальной собственности со стороны США, стран Европы и КНР; акцент сделан на долю патентных заявок в области техники электросвязи. В основу патентной статистики положена Международная патентная классификация. Сделан вывод о дисбалансе во взаимном патентовании между китайскими субъектами патентования и патентными ведомствами Европы и США. Констатируется падение как общего количества патентных заявок в Российской Федерации, так и количества заявок, поданных нерезидентами. The article provides the results of patent research in the field of innovative technologies based on worldwide and Russian patent statistics. There is a steady increase in the number of patent applications filed both by residents and non-residents in lead countries. The strategy of legal protection for innovative technical solutions is outlined in order to ensure promotion on external and internal markets. The dynamics of mutual intellectual property infiltration between the USA, Europe, and China is analyzed. The authors focused on the share of patent applications in the field of telecommunications technology. The patent statistics is based on the International Patent Classification. The article concludes that there is an imbalance in mutual patenting between Chinese patent subjects and Patent Offices of Europe and the USA. A drop is noted both in the total number of patent applications in the Russian Federation and in the number of applications submitted by non-residents.

Resource Redeployment

Firm resources and capabilities provide a basis for competitive advantage over rivals. By providing a platform for profitable expansion or contraction of firm boundaries, they also underlie corporate advantage—where a corporate parent creates more value than its individual businesses could generate if they were not part of the corporate parent. This article clarifies our current understanding of resource redeployment—one mechanism through which resources might contribute to corporate advantage. Resource redeployment involves a partial or complete withdrawal of resources (and capabilities) from one use and reallocation to another opportunity inside the firm. It typically refers to redeployment of non-financial resources, such as tangible, intangible, and human capital, as we do so here. Capital might also be redeployed, but since its redeployment entails few or no sunk adjustment costs it deserves separate attention, and is only discussed briefly below to highlight similarities with resource redeployment. Resource redeployment represents an explicit preference for internal markets over external markets. Flexibility is a primary benefit for firms having potential for resource redeployment, if they can pursue opportunities more efficiently than firms relying on external markets. Having more flexibility to redeploy should inspire firms to enter markets at lower levels of expected performance and exit markets at higher levels of expected performance. More generally, firms should expand and retrench from markets more fluidly than firms lacking potential for efficient resource redeployment. While this mechanism for corporate advantage has been recently explicated in the literature, it has important precedents. Empirical examination of resource redeployment is just underway. Finally, it is important to clarify how corporate advantage tied to resource redeployment differs from other determinants of corporate advantage. Each of these issues is discussed below, along with future research opportunities.

Central America in the 17th Century

When the 16th century—the Conquest Century—drew to a close, the territory of what is today called Central America was already organized as a colonial domain. The system of “Two Republics”—segregating autochthonous populations from the Spanish in order to protect the former from the abuses and potential perversions of the latter, but also to better control the former and demand labor, goods, and money from them—was well established, and colonial institutions (Audiencia, royal treasury offices, town councils (cabildos), dioceses, parishes, etc.) had been put in place. The Spanish governing and enriched elite were clearly on top but were surrounded, nonetheless, by a plethora of dominated ethnic groups, such as the indigenous and the African—either slave or free—populations, the non-elite Spanish immigrants, and those of mixed race. The process of miscegenation between all ethnic groups of colonial society, slow and faltering at first, was already a fact in the region, and a caste society was firmly established. At the same time, Spanish settlement in the territory was entrenched, with consolidated cities and established rural properties. Trade and mining were also active, creating economic cycles linked to the global economy, as well as to internal markets. However, resistance and rebellions by the dominated populations and an extended frontier—made of unconquered and uncontrolled zones—as well as the irruption of enemies in the uncontrolled regions, were not absent from the region. What was the destiny of this complex newly born society over the century to come? In Central America, the new century would be characterized by processes of stabilization and consolidation of colonial life in all aspects, but also by strong geostrategical interests, brutal social asymmetries, and an overwhelming peripheral status.

Origins and Telos

Why do states federate? This chapter argues that states constitute federal unions because they are incapable of maintaining their own political autonomy and existence. The main reasons for this are a military threat or because the states need to govern and have access to larger internal markets. In order to perpetuate the political autonomy of its Member States, a federation is therefore concerned with defence and/or economic government. After WWII, with the collapse of the fascist experiments and the decline of the European maritime empires, most European states were faced with a long overdue crisis and were incapable of securing their most basic aims. European integration is an integral part of the post-WWII reconstitution of Europe and a response to this crisis. Proposals for both ‘defence federation’ and ‘economic federation’ were launched after WWII; only the latter was successfully established with the Treaty of Rome.

Trade policy options for export diversification: The case of Mali, Chad, Niger, and Guinea

The landlocked and fragile countries’ ability to create a sustainable path to economic growth and poverty reduction is inextricably linked to their export diversification potential, itself related to their connectivity within themselves, in the region, and other external markets. Mali, Chad, and Niger are first challenged by their geography—their landlocked nature with their vast and thinly populated space serves to isolate the most vulnerable communities from external and internal markets. Adding to these geographic disadvantages non-landlocked is incentive environment—defined by high and variable customs common external tariff regimes resulting from multiple overlapping regional trade arrangements—places a wedge between domestic and international prices, provides a disincentive to exports in favor of non-tradable and domestic-oriented sectors. By bringing greater coherence and convergence between the many common external tariff regimes in operation and the rationalization of their structures, and improving connectivity within and between markets, Mali, Chad, Niger, and Guinea can better promote the reallocation of resources toward tradable goods and services, putting the countries on a path toward greater economic inclusion and sustainable growth.

NEW FUNCTIONAL SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

The most important results of the scientific studies, carried out by the Institutes of the National Academy of sciences of Ukraine in the frames of the program for scientific research of the NAS of Ukraine "New Functional Substances and Materials for Chemical Engineering" in 2017-2021, are summarized. In the result of fulfillment of the projects of the Program a number of principally new organic, inorganic, polymeric substances and materials as well as composited based thereon of various functional destination were created, new energy-, resource-saving and ecologically-friendly ways for low-tonnage obtaining of substances and materials of chemical engineering were developed. Use of the obtained materials and methods of chemical substances obtaining in different fields of the national industry will improve the competitive capacity of the national products on the external and internal markets, will favor to significant reduction of the dependency of the country on import of deep technology chemical products, setting up of production of a wide range of chemical products, reagents and preparations in Ukraine.

Economic complexity and inclusion of regional economies

The paper presents a probabilistic interpretation of the elements of the matrix, which is used to assess the economic complexity in accordance with the traditional approach. Their properties are given, on the basis of which aggregate indicators are introduced that characterize the nesting of the structures of strong sectors of regional economies. It is shown that aggregate nesting indicators are statistically significant explanatory variables for economic complexity. It is proved that the used procedure for calculating the economic complexity is correct in the sense of the existence and uniqueness of the solution. It is shown that the data that are used to assess the economic complexity in accordance with the author’s approach allow to reflect the formation of value chains and groups of related sectors focused on both the external and internal markets. For this economic complexity, calculated on regional data, its high values correspond to large values of the aggregated nesting indicators. Low values of economic complexity correspond to low values of nesting indicators.

Is It Possible to Repeat the Experience of East Asia? The External Factors of East Asian ‘Miracle’

The paper focuses on the widespread presupposition about a possibility for the developing countries beyond the East Asian region to follow the development path of the newly industrialised countries (NICs) of East and Southeast Asia known as ‘tigers’. The author underlines that the ‘tigers’ success story was the effect of fortune combination of the external and internal factors of fast modernisation of the countries under scrutiny. The subject of the given paper is a set of the external factors of the East Asian ‘miracle’. In the author’s opinion, there were three main external factors of successful development in the East Asian NICs. Firstly, there was a strong influence of cold war in the region. Since the early‑1960s the rivalry between the USSR and USA was here ‘supplemented’ by pretensions of the Maoist China to the role of ‘torch’ for the poor and wretched peoples of Asia. Thus, there was the specific triangle of foreign forces that operated in the region. The US ruling circles conceived that the best way to ‘the containment of communism’ was to create a show case of ‘good capitalism’: to eradicate mass poverty, to build contemporary effective economy, to open the channels of vertical social mobility for youth, and, thereby, to erode the social soil for the Leftist ideas. Secondly, the business and political leaders of the considerable countries understood a necessity to modernise their economies. The local elites, being in vassal dependency on the American protection, were obliged to follow the path of development that corresponded mostly to the interests of US. This circumstance determined, to a big degree, a choice of the outward‑looking industrialisation. Thirdly, the export‑oriented industrialisation in East Asia coincided with profound structural changes in Western economies. The NICs could occupy niches at the internal markets of industrial countries, exporting their manufactured goods to the West. It provided the growth of incomes for further accumulation. The neoconservatism in politics and neoliberalism in economics in the West helped to the East Asian ‘tigers’ to carry out their modernisation. Since the called external factors of East Asian ‘miracle’ do not recently exist in other developing regions, the author comes to conclusion that none of these regions can repeat the success story of the Asian NICs.