scholarly journals Formalization of the meaning. Part 2. Space of contexts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-319
Author(s):  
A.D. Redozubov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Unique Point ◽  
Strong Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Incoming Information ◽  
Points Of View

In the first part of the article, it was shown that there is a significant difference between the concepts given through definitions described by sets of features, and those concepts that a person operates and behind which there is an idea of meaning. It has been suggested that this is the key point in differentiating the concept of traditional artificial intelligence and strong artificial intelligence. It was proposed to use related points of view, which can be described by appropriate contexts, to formalize natural concepts. This part of the article provides a formalization of the context as a unique point of view. With the context the original description acquires interpretation, its characteristic feature for this context. The use of previous experience allows us to check the adequacy of the received interpretation. By comparing the concepts used with their contexts, it is possible to obtain a space of contexts that is able to search for potentially possible mean-ings in the incoming information. The use of the context space allowed us to describe the mechanism for transferring experience from one context to another. Based on the contextual transfer, an explanation of the phenomenon of creativi-ty and a description of its nature are given.

scholarly journals Formalization of the meaning. Part 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-153
Author(s):  
A.D. Redozubov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Surrounding World ◽  
Strong Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain

Every area of knowledge builds its descriptions using concepts. At the same time, the definition of concepts given through their characteristic features is widespread. On this basis, both basic mathematical and many philosophical concepts are built. The concepts which a person uses are subject to similar properties, and their nature is the nature of definitions. Numerous attempts to create strong artificial intelligence are based on the corresponding paradigm. The article attempts to substantiate the need to use the contextual-semantic paradigm to explain the work of the natural brain and to create a strong artificial intelligence. A formal model describing the meaning is presented, and its connection with the known data on the functioning of the brain is given. It is shown that a context can be created around each concept, which can be the bearer of the concept's meaning. The context allows one to move away from using a set of features to recognize the phenomenon behind a concept. The context turns out to be a point of view associated with the concept, in which the description of the surrounding world changes. Knowing the rules of these changes, one can not only model different points of view, but also determine which of them create adequate interpretations. At the same time, the presence of an adequate interpretation in the context of the phenomenon serves as a criterion for the presence of this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Formalization of the meaning. Part 3. Formation of contexts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-449
Author(s):  
A.D. Redozubov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Initial System ◽  
Convolutional Networks ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Artificial Intelli

The previous parts of this article have attempted to begin describing an approach to building strong artificial intelli-gence based on sense of information. A model was proposed in which concepts were described through related points of view. The point of view was set as a context that changes the original description to its interpretation. It was shown that the meaningfulness of the interpretation can be judged by its adequacy to the memory of previous experience. The space of contexts is described, which defines a system of concepts that cover a certain subject area. In this part of the article, an algorithm is described that allows you to create an initial system of concepts based on the observable signs of phe-nomena, and move from it to the contexts corresponding to these concepts. For the space of contexts, a method for cre-ating concept codes is proposed, which allows concept codes to convey the system of their internal proximity, a com-parison with convolutional networks is made. Explanations of the proposed approach are considered on the example of training the visual cortex.

scholarly journals On J. Searle’s “Chinese Room” from the Hybrid Model of the Artificial Cognitive Agents Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-47
Author(s):  
Roman V. Dushkin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Cognitive Agent ◽  
Chinese Room ◽  
Cognitive Agents ◽  
Strong Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Holistic Theory

The article presents a review of the phenomenon of understanding the meaning of the natural language and, more broadly, the meaning of the situation in which the cognitive agent is located, considering the context. A specific definition of understanding is given, which is at the intersection of neurophysiology, information theory and cybernetics. The scheme of an abstract architecture of the cognitive agent (of arbitrary nature) is offered, which states that an agent with such architecture can understand in the sense described in the paper. It also provides a critique of J. Searle’s mental experiment “The Chinese Room” from the point of view of the construction of artificial cognitive agents within a hybrid paradigm of artificial intelligence. The novelty of the presented work is based on the application of the author’s methodological approach to the construction of artificial cognitive agents. It not only considers the perception of external stimuli from the environment, but also the philosophical problem of “understanding” by the artificial cognitive agent of its sensory inputs. The relevance of the work follows from the renewed interest of the scientific community in the theme of Strong Artificial Intelligence (or AGI). The author's contribution consists in comprehensive treatment from different points of view of the theme of understanding perceived by artificial cognitive agents. It involves the formation of prerequisites for the development of new models and the theory of understanding within the framework of artificial intelligence, which in the future will help to build a holistic theory of the nature of human mind. The article will be interesting for specialists working in the field of artificial intellectual systems and cognitive agents construction, as well as for scientists from other scientific fields – first of all, philosophy, neurophysiology and psychology.

scholarly journals John’s prologue: Christological and doxological significance for the Johannine narrative

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Hahn ◽  
Ernest van Eck
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Unique Point ◽  
John 1 ◽  
Son Of God ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
God The Father

This article presents a literary exegetical analysis of the prologue (John 1:1-18) of the Johannine narrative with special attention to the author’s (narrator’s) point of view. The author sets the tone of his gospel and writes with literary beauty while showing his theological points of view that will be seen throughout his narrative to follow. He presents Jesus as the eternal λόγος of God, and thus provides a unique point of view toward the Son of God of the Father who exists from eternity past with God the Father. Merely by studying, reflecting on, and remembering the Gospel’s prologue, the reader can understand and relate to the Christological and doxological significance of the Johannine narrative.

scholarly journals Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera Geolocation; Strategies to Reduce Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Blank ◽  
Liang-Kang Huang ◽  
Jay Herman ◽  
Alexander Marshak
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Star Tracker ◽  
Unique Point ◽  
Lagrange Point ◽  
Imaging Camera

Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera occupies a unique point of view for an Earth imager by being located approximately 1.5 million km from the planet at Earth-Sun Lagrange point, L1. This creates a number of unique challenges in geolocation, some of which are distance and mission specific. To solve these problems, algorithmic adaptations need to be made for calculations used for standard geolocation solutions, as well as artificial intelligence-based corrections for star tracker attitude and optical issues. This paper discusses methods for resolving these issues and bringing the geolocation solution to within requirements.

scholarly journals Perceptions of artificial intelligence in healthcare: findings from a qualitative survey study among actors in France

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-C. Laï ◽  
M. Brian ◽  
M.-F. Mamzer
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Grounded Theory Method ◽  
Qualitative Survey ◽  
External Point ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Legal Difficulties

Abstract Background Artificial intelligence (AI), with its seemingly limitless power, holds the promise to truly revolutionize patient healthcare. However, the discourse carried out in public does not always correlate with the actual impact. Thus, we aimed to obtain both an overview of how French health professionals perceive the arrival of AI in daily practice and the perception of the other actors involved in AI to have an overall understanding of this issue. Methods Forty French stakeholders with diverse backgrounds were interviewed in Paris between October 2017 and June 2018 and their contributions analyzed using the grounded theory method (GTM). Results The interviews showed that the various actors involved all see AI as a myth to be debunked. However, their views differed. French healthcare professionals, who are strategically placed in the adoption of AI tools, were focused on providing the best and safest care for their patients. Contrary to popular belief, they are not always seeing the use of these tools in their practice. For healthcare industrial partners, AI is a true breakthrough but legal difficulties to access individual health data could hamper its development. Institutional players are aware that they will have to play a significant role concerning the regulation of the use of these tools. From an external point of view, individuals without a conflict of interest have significant concerns about the sustainability of the balance between health, social justice, and freedom. Health researchers specialized in AI have a more pragmatic point of view and hope for a better transition from research to practice. Conclusion Although some hyperbole has taken over the discourse on AI in healthcare, diverse opinions and points of view have emerged among French stakeholders. The development of AI tools in healthcare will be satisfactory for everyone only by initiating a collaborative effort between all those involved. It is thus time to also consider the opinion of patients and, together, address the remaining questions, such as that of responsibility.

LABORATORY TESTS OF THYROID FUNCTION IN HYPERTHYROIDISM II.

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (4_Suppla) ◽  
pp. S23-S35
Author(s):  
B.-A. Lamberg ◽  
O. P. Heinonen ◽  
K. Liewendahl ◽  
G. Kvist ◽  
M. Viherkoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Crossing Point ◽  
Hyperthyroid Patients

ABSTRACT The distributions of 13 variables based on 10 laboratory tests measuring thyroid function were studied in euthyroid controls and in patients with toxic diffuse or toxic multinodular goitre. Density functions were fitted to the empirical data and the goodness of fit was evaluated by the use of the χ2-test. In a few instances there was a significant difference but the material available was in some respects too small to allow a very accurate estimation. The normal limits for each variable was defined by the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. It appears that in some instances these limits are too rigorous from the practical point of view. It is emphasized that the crossing point of the functions for euthyroid controls and hyperthyroid patients may be a better limit to use. In a preliminary analysis of the diagnostic efficiency the variables of total or free hormone concentration in the blood proved clearily superior to all other variables.

The Role of Theories of Embodied Cognition in Research and Modeling of Emotions

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 124-138
Author(s):  
Alexandra V. Shiller
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Unknown Quantity ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Strong Artificial Intelligence ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
Postmodern Philosophy

The article analyzes the role of theories of embodied cognition for the development of emotion research. The role and position of emotions changed as philosophy developed. In classical and modern European philosophy, the idea of the “primacy of reason” prevailed over emotions and physicality, emotions and affective life were described as low-ranking phenomena regarding cognitive processes or were completely eliminated as an unknown quantity. In postmodern philosophy, attention focuses on physicality and sensuality, which are rated higher than rational principle, mind and intelligence. Within the framework of this approach, there is a recently emerged theory of embodied cognition, which allows to take a fresh look at the place of emotions in the architecture of mental processes – thinking, perception, memory, imagination, speech. The article describes and analyzes a number of empirical studies showing the impossibility of excluding emotional processes and the significance of their research for understanding the architecture of embodied cognition. However, the features of the architecture of embodied cognition remain unclear, and some of the discoveries of recent years (mirror neurons or neurons of simulation) rather raise new questions and require further research. The rigorously described and clear architecture of the embodied cognition can grow the theoretical basis that will allow to advance the studies of learning processes, language understanding, psychotherapy techniques, social attitudes and stereotypes, highlight the riddle of consciousness and create new theories of consciousness or even create an anthropomorphic artificial intelligence that is close to “strong artificial intelligence.”

NONSENSE, ABSURDITY AND PARADOX AS LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL CATEGORIES

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ontological Category ◽  
Ordinary Meaning ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Human Thinking

In the article the analysis of nonsense, absurdity and paradox from the standpoint of linguistics is giv-en. Different points of view on these categories in relation to the meaning are considered. An attempt is made to reveal the commonality and specificity of nonsense, absurdity and paradox. Some researchers consider nonsense and paradox as a kind of absurdity. There is a dichotomous point of view on nonsense as one of the components of absurdity. However, there are works where these categories are differentiat-ed, for example, absurdity is understood as an ontological category, and nonsense as an epistemological category. There is a view of these categories through the allocation of "non-sense", "out-sense" and 136 "counter-sense" there is also a view that in the case of nonsense we are talking about the incompatibility of representations, and in the case of absurdity-the incompatibility of objects. If there are criteria that allow us to consider the presence of this phenomenon as natural, absurdity ceases to exist. Consequently, the view is expressed that nonsense, absurdity and paradox are different categories of thinking. Paradox is a contradiction arising from the presence of two or more common sense. The absurdity can be seen as a" counter-sense» opposing common sense and putting forward the concept of active impossibility of the latter's existence. As for nonsense, it is the meaning of metaphysical level – a meaning that goes beyond the ordinary meaning and creates new meanings. It is concluded that nonsense, absurdity and paradox are independent categories of human thinking, which is a manifestation of the cognitive function of hu-man consciousness.

Innovative Marketing Strategies for Select E-Commerce Companies in India - A Review.

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Bhanja ◽  
P.C Tripathy
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Customer Base ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Online Shoppers ◽  
Drastic Increase

Innovation is the key to opportunities and growth in today’s competitive and dynamic business environment. It not only nurtures but also provides companies with unique dimensions for constant reinvention of the existing way of performance which enables and facilitates them to reach out to their prospective customers more effectively. It has been estimated by Morgan Stanley that India would have 480 million shoppers buying products online by the year 2026, a drastic increase from 60 million online shoppers in the year 2016. E-commerce companies are aggressively implementing innovative methods of marketing their product offerings using tools like digital marketing, internet of things (IoT)and artificial intelligence to name a few. This paper focuses on outlining the innovative ways of marketing that the E-Commerce sector implements in orders to increase their customer base and aims at determining the future scope of this area. A conceptual comparative study of Amazon and Flipkart helps to determine which marketing strategies are more appealing and beneficial for both the customers and companies point of view.

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