Manifestation of heterosis in F1 petunia hybrids

The article presents the results of a study of the manifestation of hypothetical and true heterosis in the hybrid petunia according to some decorative features in the conditions of the protected ground of Moscow. The presence of a heterosis effect and overdomination in the time of flowering of the first flower, the diameter of the flower and the number of flowers for the first two weeks of flowering was established. All hybrid combinations showed a small negative hypothetical and true heterosis effect on the early entry of petunia plants into the flowering phase. Keywords: PETUNIA, HETEROSIS, HYBRID, DOMINANCE, OVERDOMINATION

PSI-B-29 Breeding influence on dairy productivity of Kholmogory cattle

The Kholmogory breed of cattle is highly adapted to poor feeding and severe climate conditions of the northern part of European Russia, but a lack of dairy productivity also characterizes it. The study aims to measure the productivity of animals obtained by breeding Kholmogory and Holsteins cattle. Purebred Kholmogory (K1, n = 497), first generation` (K1/2×H1/2, n = 387), and second generation` (K1/4×H3/4, n = 384) hybrids were selected for the analysis. Dairy production for 305 days throughout 1st and 3rd lactations and also lifetime productivity were measured. Statistical processing was conducted using Statistica 10 software. The average milk yield of purebred` 1st lactation was 3501±35 kg with a fat content of 3.66±0.01%. The productivity of hybrids in the 1st lactation was higher by 728 kg (P < 0.001) with a fat content of 3.86±0.02% for K1/2×H1/2 and by 1030 kg (P < 0.001) with a fat content of 4.13±0.02 for the K1/4×H3/4 population. In the 3rd lactation, the productivity of K1 was 3948±51 kg of milk with a 3.73±0.02% of fat. This is 941 kg (P < 0.001) and 0.31% (P < 0.001) less than in K1/2×H1/2. During the same lactation in K1/4×H3/4, the average amount of milk was 5508±77 kg with 4.25±0.04% of fat. The maximum lifetime productivity was obtained from K1/2×H1/2. It made 19850±618 kg of milk and 799.6±25.3 kg of milk fat. In the K1 group, 14642±529 kg of milk and 552.6±20.3 kg of fat were obtained per life, and for K1/4×H3/4 14832±590 kg and 620.9±25.6 kg were obtained. The heterosis effect could explain the high lifetime productivity of first-generation hybrids. This is consistent because the average economic use of K1 animals was 3.53±0.11 calving, while for K1/2×H1/2, it was 4.01±0.11. Further breeding with the Holstein led to a significant decrease in the economical use duration to 2.78±0.09 calving in K1/4×H3/4.

Heterosis effect in hybrids of parthenocarpic cucumber in the open field

Представлены результаты исследования проявления гипотетического и истинного гетерозиса у гибридов партенокарпического огурца по основным компонентам урожайности в условиях открытого грунта Москвы. Согласно полученным данным, у гибридов F1 Кайман и Хоббит отмечены высокие положительные эффекты гетерозиса по скороспелости (MPH=20,1…28,8%; HPH=10,4…14,2%), урожайности (MPH=24,7…44,4%; HPH=14,9…34,5%), числу плодов с растения (MPH=14,3…22,6%; HPH=11,1…18,8%) и средней массе плода (MPH=7,7…18,2%; HPH=3,7…13,0%). Невысокие отрицательные показатели эффекта гетерозиса отмечались по раннеспелости от всходов до цветения (MPH= –3,7…-8,8%; HPH= –7,1…-10,3%) и от всходов до плодоношения (MPH= –3,9…-4,0%; HPH= –5,1…-7,7%). При оценке на устойчивость к ложной мучнистой росе на естественном инфекционном фоне F1 Хоббит и его инбредные родительские линии оказались восприимчивыми как в начале, так и в конце плодоношения (6...9 балла поражения). Однако при оценке в начале поражения ЛМР небольшой отрицательный гетерозисный эффект по степени поражаемости (MPH= –7,7%; HPH= –14,3%) обеспечивает меньшую восприимчивость гибрида Хоббит по сравнению с родительскими линиями. Растения F1 гибрида Кайман меньше поражались пероноспорозом по сравнению с родительскими линиями и F1Хоббит как в начале (MPH= –11,1%; HPH= –20,0%), так и в конце вегетационного периода (MPH= –6,7%; HPH= –12,5%), что указывает на его большую устойчивость к ложной мучнистой росе. Значение степени доминантности в пределах 1< hp < +∞ указывает на наличие положительного сверхдоминирования в наследовании таких компонентов урожайности как: число плодов с растения (hp=4,0…6,0), скороспелость (hp=1,3), и урожайность (hp=2,3…5,0). Отрицательное сверхдоминирование –1< hp < -∞, наблюдалось по раннеспелости (hp= –2,0…-6,0) и поражаемости пероноспорозом (hp= –2,0). Значения гетерозиса по всем признакам были весьма значимыми как по отношению к среднему значению у родительских линий, так и значению признака у родительской линии с более высоким показателем. Очевидно, что наличие гибридной силы по основным компонентам урожайности у партенокарпического огурца может с большой вероятностью обеспечить создание гетерозисных гибридов для открытого грунта. The paper presents the results of a study of hypothetical and true heterosis in hybrids of parthenocarpic cucumber by the main components of yield in open ground conditions in Moscow. According to the data obtained, F1 Cayman and Hobbit had high positive effects of heterosis in early yield (MPH=20.1…28.8%; HPH=10.4…14.2%), yield (MPH=24.7…44.4%; HPH=14.9…34.5%), the number of fruits from the plant (MPH=14.3…22.6%; HPH=11.1…18.8%) and average fruit weight (MPH=7.7…18.2%; HPH=3.7…13.0%). Low negative indicators of the heterosis effect were observed for earliness from germination to flowering (MPH= –3.7…-8.8%; HPH= –7.1…-10.3%) and from germination to fruiting (MPH= –3.9…-4.0%; HPH= –5.1…-7.7%). When evaluating for resistance to peronosporosis on a natural infectious background, F1 Hobbit and its inbred parental lines were susceptible both at the beginning and at the end of fruiting (6..9 points of defeat). However, when assessing at the beginning of the lesion of peronosporosis, there is a small negative heterosis effect in terms of the degree of lesion (MPH= –7.7%; HPH= –14.3%) provides a lower susceptibility of the Hobbit hybrid compared to the parent lines. Plants of the F1hybrid Cayman were less affected by peronosporosis compared to the parent lines and F1 Hobbit both at the beginning (MPH= –11.1%; HPH= –20.0%) and at the end of the growing season (MPH= –6.7%; HPH= –12.5%), which indicates its greater resistance to peronosporosis. The value of the degree of dominance within 1 < hp < +∞ indicates the presence of a positive overdominance in the inheritance of such yield components as: the number of fruits from the plant (hp=4.0…6.0), early yield (hp=1.3) and yield (hp=2.3…5.0). A negative overdominance –1 < hp < – ∞ was observed for earliness (hp= –2.0…-6.0) and infection with peronosporosis (hp= –2.0). The values of heterosis for all characters were very significant both in relation to the average value of the parent lines, and in terms of the value of the trait in the parent line with a higher indicator. It is obvious that the presence of heterosis for the main components of yield in parthenocarpic cucumber, most likely, can ensure the breeding of heterotic hybrids for open ground.

Гетерозис у кукурузы: к вопросу о преобладающем типе внутрилокусных взаимодействий

Heterosis in maize: toward prevalence type of intralocus interactions. In the biometrical genetic analysis of maize productivity, performed according to the North Caroline III design, unbiased estimates were used to calculate the average degree of dominance, in which, on average, the effect of linkage was eliminated. The hybrids Rf7×Ku123, MK01×A619 were studied, and unbiased estimates were calculated for four more hybrids according to the literature data. For genes controlling productivity, unbiased estimates of the average degree of dominance ranged from 0.65 to 0.87 for different hybrids. The result indicates that the heterosis effect in maize is more likely to be caused by dominant interactions than over-dominant ones.

Overdominance at the Gene Expression Level Plays a Critical Role in the Hybrid Root Growth of Brassica napus

Despite heterosis contributing to genetic improvements in crops, root growth heterosis in rapeseed plants is poorly understood at the molecular level. The current study was performed to discover key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to heterosis in two hybrids with contrasting root growth performance (FO; high hybrid and FV; low hybrid) based on analysis of the root heterosis effect. Based on comparative transcriptomic analysis, we believe that the overdominance at the gene expression level plays a critical role in hybrid roots’ early biomass heterosis. Our findings imply that a considerable increase in up-regulation of gene expression underpins heterosis. In the FO hybrid, high expression of DEGs overdominant in the starch/sucrose and galactose metabolic pathways revealed a link between hybrid vigor and root growth. DEGs linked to auxin, cytokinin, brassinosteroids, ethylene, and abscisic acid were also specified, showing that these hormones may enhance mechanisms of root growth and the development in the FO hybrid. Moreover, transcription factors such as MYB, ERF, bHLH, NAC, bZIP, and WRKY are thought to control downstream genes involved in root growth. Overall, this is the first study to provide a better understanding related to the regulation of the molecular mechanism of heterosis, which assists in rapeseed growth and yield improvement.

INCREASING RAPE SEED YIELDS BY THE WAY OF HETEROSIS SELECTION

Usage of heterosis effect in rapeseed became possible after plenty experiments which proved existence of the significant heterosis. A level of heterosis in spring rapeseed hybrids varied from 20 to 50 %, in winter rapeseed hybrids – from 20 to 80 %. A meaning of heterosis in rapeseed depended on the estimation methods, environments, gene pool diversity. Scientists do their best to create alternative gene pools using in part method of rapeseed resynthesis.

EFFECT OF HETEROSIS AND PHENOTYPIC DOMINANCE I INTERLINE HYBRIDS OF WINTER RAPESEED

There are presented data on heterosis displaying at the experimental hybrids F1 of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by the basic economically valuable traits. The research was conducted in the central zone of the Krasnodar region. We determined a level of phenotypic dominance and heterosis effect in some winter rapeseed hybrids. In preliminary test, a hybrid combination 39712 × ОRK 9 demonstrated authentically high true and competitive heterosis and overdominance by all the studied traits. The best hybrid combinations by yield and oil content in seeds appeared to be 1746 × ОRK 14, 40059 × ОRK 17 and 40059 × ОRK 21, which showed authentically high competitive heterosis and overdominance.

Breed and age effects on concentration of adiponectin and reproductive performance in Anglo Nubian, Etawah grade and its crossbred bucks

Hafizuddin, Karja NWK, Praharani L, Setiadi MA. 2021. Breed and age effects on concentration of adiponectin and reproductive performance in Anglo Nubian, Etawah grade and its crossbred bucks. Biodiversitas 22: 1112-1119. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of differences in breed and age on reproductive performance and adiponectin and testosterone production in Anglo Nubian, Etawah grade, and crossbred (Anpera) bucks. A total of 12 bucks with four individuals of each breed were used. This study collected five data points from each buck regarding adiponectin, testosterone, and reproductive performance (libido and semen characteristics). Data were analyzed with factorial analysis of variance and Duncan's test. The result shows that adiponectin concentration between breeds was significantly different (P <0.01). There were also significant differences (P<0.05) in adiponectin concentrations based on buck age. There were also significant interactions with adiponectin concentrations (P <0.01). Furthermore, testosterone concentrations showed significant differences based on breed (P <0.05) and age (P <0.05). There were also significant age-breed interactions affecting testosterone concentrations (P <0.01). Libido and semen characteristics had no significant differences based on breed and age group, and no significant age-breed interactions (P> 0.05). The heterosis effect on adiponectin concentration (48.05%), testosterone concentration (27.68%), libido (-0.61%), semen volume (-1.93%), sperm motility (0.49%), sperm normal morphology (0.18%), and sperm concentration (0.00%) was measured. In conclusion, there is a significant effect of breed, age, and age-breed interactions on the concentration of adiponectin and testosterone in bucks, and both of these variables have a high heterosis effect on crossbred bucks.

Combining ability of early-maturing varieties of soft spring wheat by grain weight from the ear

With the participation of early-maturing varieties, a topcross scheme of crossings was performed (10×4); maternal varieties: Pamyati Azieva, Altayskaya 92, Obskaya 14, SURENTa-6, Adeline, SURENTa-3, Voronezhskaya 12, Tyumenskaya rannyaya, Tulun 15, Tyumenskaya 27; testers - Iren, Novosibirskaya 15, Latona, Tulunskaya 12. In 2007, the Pamyati Azieva and Iren had a more productive ear – 0.88 g, in the dry year of 2008 - SURENTa-6, Adeline and Tulun 15 (0.80-0.82). The following strongly react to drought: Voronezhskaya 12, Tyumenskaya rannyaya, Iren, Latona, Novosibirskaya 15 (0.49-0.64 g). The Pamyati Azieva and SURENTa-3 are distinguished by increased CCA. Varieties with multidirectional CCA are recommended for synthetic breeding. SCA is distinguished in: Tyumenskaya rannyaya, SURENTa-3, in better conditions – SURENTa-6, Adeline, Iren, Tulunskaya 12, which allows them to be used in recombination breeding. Varieties with low indicators of CCA and SCA - Altayskaya 92, Obskaya 14, Tulun 15, Tyumenskaya 27 and Latona, are ineffective in breeding for productivity. The heterosis effect on the trait was manifested in 15-20% of the combinations, more significant in arid conditions.

Estimation of new lines of multigerm pollinators of Verhnyatska selection sugar beets and their hybrids

The paper highlights the assessment of Verhnyatska selection new combination valuable multigerm of lines – pollinators (МP) efficiency, МS of lines of a different origin and heterozis of hybrids created on their basis. Verhnyatska МP are productive, combination-valuable and plasticity, proved by the hybrid combinations with МS by materials of all skilled-selection stations of a network of Institute of biocrops and sugar beet. At the grade test of 2018 more successful were combinations with МS by lines Ivanivska and Bila Tserkva research selection station. Sugar yield in hybrids made 111.4–108.9 % on the average. A number of experimental hybrids line created with Verhnyatcka selection lines-pollinators in 2019 is listed among the best in sugar yield per hectare. The submitted hybrids STs191125 and STs191134 were characterized by a high parameter of productivity (117.6 and 113.8 % to the standard accordingly). A number of the best hybrids for study in variety ecological testing is selected. Heterosis effect was observed in some cross combinations. The best parameter on productivity (110.0 %) was in the hybrid STs191135 – МS originator of a line of Yaltushkivska RSS. Sugar yield and output were higher than the standard by 8.4 and 14.2 %. The satisfactory parameters of efficiency were observed in the STs190309 hybrid. Its productivity made 104.0 %, sugar yield – 104.1 %, sugar output – 111.8 % to the standard. Significantly high sugar output was in the hybrid STs190815 (119.6 %), where both components of crossing were of Verhnyatska selection. The parameters of productivity, sugar content and yield were 107.7, 100.9 and 109.2 %. Due to a genetic variety of initial materials and successful selection of parental components, their combinational ability and plasticity made it possible to receive new hybrids. Multigerm line-pollinators have high selection value of efficiency parameters. Key words: sugar beet, multigerm, pollinator, fertility, selection, hybrid, productivity.