Frequency-domain seismic data transformation from point-source to line-source for 2D viscoelastic anisotropic media

We present a simple yet effective transform function to convert 3D point-source seismic data to equivalent 2D line-source data, which is required when applying efficient 2D migration and full-waveform inversion to field data collected along a line. By numerically comparing the 3D and corresponding 2D Green’s tensors in various media, the phase shift around 45° and the offset amplitude compensation factor, as well as small fluctuations of the amplitude ratios are observed in all nonzero components of the wave-equation solutions. Based on these observations, we derive a transform function comprised of (1) a simple filter for compensating amplitude and phase shift, and (2) stretching scalars for scaling amplitude differences for different components. We employ the 3D and 2D analytical wave solutions in various homogeneous media to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed transform function, and then apply it to a heterogeneous, viscoelastic, anisotropic model and a modified Marmousi model. All of these results indicate that the proposed transform function is applicable for the conversion of point-source data to equivalent line-source data for imaging 2D subsurface structure.

Extended Analysis of a Valve-Controlled System with Multi-Chamber Actuator

This paper outlines an extended analysis on how multi-chamber actuators can improve the efficiency of valve-controlled systems. Resistive control is a major source of energy losses in valve-controlled systems that share the same pump to drive multiple loads. By combining different chambers, the load on multi-chamber actuators can be transformed into different pressure and flow rate levels. This allows the adaptation of its load to the loads on other actuators. This can lead to a reduction of resistive control energy losses that occur between pump and actuators when driven simultaneously. As a case study to highlight how the system efficiency can be improved, a load sensing system with a conventional and a multi-chamber actuator is analysed. The equations that describe the system steady state behaviour are presented to evaluate the effect of the load transformations on the system efficiency. A disadvantage of such architecture is the fact that load transformations result in different actuator speeds. To reduce this effect, a compensation factor for the command signal to the proportional valve is presented. The highlight from this paper is the potential for efficiency improvement enabled by the adoption of multi-chamber actuators in a valve-controlled architecture. Further research is required for the selection of number of chambers and their areas since they directly affect the system efficiency.

Fatigue Life Prediction of Rolling Bearings Based on Modified SWT Mean Stress Correction

The existing engineering empirical life analysis models are not capable of considering the constitutive behavior of materials under contact loads; as a consequence, these methods may not be accurate to predict fatigue lives of rolling bearings. In addition, the contact stress of bearing in operation is cyclically pulsating, it also means that the bearing undergo non-symmetrical fatigue loadings. Since the mean stress has great effects on fatigue life, in this work, a novel fatigue life prediction model based on the modified SWT mean stress correction is proposed as a basis of which to estimate the fatigue life of rolling bearings, in which, takes sensitivity of materials and mean stress into account. A compensation factor is introduced to overcome the inaccurate predictions resulted from the Smith, Watson, and Topper (SWT) model that considers the mean stress effect and sensitivity while assuming the sensitivity coefficient of all materials to be 0.5. Moreover, the validation of the model is finalized by several practical experimental data and the comparison to the conventional SWT model. The results show the better performance of the proposed model, especially in the accuracy than the existing SWT model. This research will shed light on a new direction for predicting the fatigue life of rolling bearings.

Performance of HEC-HMS and SWAT to simulate streamflow in the sub-humid tropical Hemavathi catchment

The present study was conducted to examine the accuracy and applicability of the hydrological models Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC)- Hydrologic Modeling System (HMS) to simulate streamflows. Models combined with the ArcGIS interface have been used for hydrological study in the humid tropical Hemavathi catchment (5,427 square kilometer). The critical focus of the streamflow analysis was to determine the efficiency of the models when the models were calibrated and optimized using observed flows in the simulation of streamflows. Daily weather gauge stations data were used as inputs for the models from 2014–2020 period. Other data inputs required to run the models included land use/land cover (LU/LC) classes resulting from remote sensing satellite imagery, soil map and digital elevation model (DEM). For evaluating the model performance and calibration, daily stream discharge from the catchment outlet data were used. For the SWAT model calibration, available water holding capacity by soil (SOL_AWC), curve number (CN) and soil evaporation compensation factor (ESCO) are identified as the sensitive parameters. Initial abstraction (Ia) and lag time (Tlag) are the significant parameters identified for the HEC-HMS model calibration. The models were subsequently adjusted by autocalibration for 2014–2017 to minimize the variations in simulated and observed streamflow values at the catchment outlet (Akkihebbal). The hydrological models were validated for the 2018–2020 period by using the calibrated models. For evaluating the simulating daily streamflows during calibration and validation phases, performances of the models were conducted by using the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). The SWAT model yielded high R2 and NSE values of 0.85 and 0.82 for daily streamflow comparisons for the catchment outlet at the validation time, suggesting that the SWAT model showed relatively good results than the HEC-HMS model. Also, under modified LU/LC and ungauged streamflow conditions, the calibrated models can be later used to simulate streamflows for future predictions. Overall, the SWAT model seems to have done well in streamflow analysis capably for hydrological studies.

A Fast Lithium-Ion Battery Impedance and SOC Estimation Method Based on Two-Stage PI Observer

Due to the complex changes in battery state, the accurate and fast estimation of battery state of charge (SOC) is still a great challenge. Here, a fast estimation method of battery impedance and SOC based on a multi-level PI observer is proposed. The observer model reflects the change of the battery state characteristics through the dynamic impedance, and then the system compensation factor is added to the observer to dynamically adjust the parameters of the battery model. The effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by the compound dynamic stress test (DST) experiment. The results show that the introduction of the compensation factor enables the system to tolerate a certain degree of impedance fluctuation and capacity attenuation and the maximum SOC estimation error can be kept within 2%.

Evaluating worker noise exposure levels in the presence of complex noise

Recent research into the assessment of worker noise exposure has demonstrated that the combination of impulsive noise and continuous noise creates an additional risk of developing noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Zhang et al (2021) demonstrated that workers exposed to non-Gaussian noise accumulated NIHL at a faster rate over their careers than worker exposed to Gaussian noise. The kurtosis statistic of the sound pressure distribution provides a means to adjust the estimated risk of hearing loss between exposure groups exposed to different types of noise. This paper will review the results from our recent studies of kurtosis and exposure level. Some unanswered questions involve the selection of a suitable sample length to estimate kurtosis, the selection of a compensation factor to apply, and understanding the differences exhibited in short (less than 10 years) and long-term exposures and kurtosis.

The Effect Of Performance Allowances On Motivation, Employees' Work Achievement and Organizational Performance in Government Offices

This study aims to analyze the effect of performance allowance as a determinant of motivation, employees’ work achievement and organizational performance in the Ministry of Religion's Office Lumajang City. This determining variable is important for public organizations to improve services and fulfill bureaucratic reform. This quantitative research uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) data analysis tools with AMOS software. The research population was 153 Ministry of Religion employees. The modeling results show the GFI index value of 0.906; CFI 0.969; and RMSEA 0.040. Hypothesis testing shows the insignificant direct effect between performance allowance and motivation, employees’ work achievement and organizational performance. Factors that determine the improvement in performance of public organizations are directly and significantly affected by by work achievement. Work achievement contributes the most to organizational performance. High work achievement requires a number of supporting factors, namely performance allowance and motivation. This research provides a practical contribution in policy making for government organizations regarding efforts to improve organizational performance through work achievement. Performance allowance and motivation is an important element to directly improve employee work achievement as a medium to improve organizational performance. The originality value of this research is very good because it was first carried out on the object of a public organization that has just applied compensation payments for the State Civil Apparatus in the form of performance allowances by testing and measuring the implications of the compensation factor as a determinant of organizational performance.

Pre-Compensation of Mold in Precision Glass Molding Based on Mathematical Analysis

Precision glass molding is the most appropriate method for batch production of glass lenses with high surface accuracy and qualified optical performance. However, the form error caused by material expansion and contraction is the main factor affecting the precision of the molded lenses, thus the mold must be pre-compensated. In this paper, an effective method of mold pre-compensation based on mathematical analysis is established. Based on the thermal expansion curve of D-ZK3 glass, the freezing fictive temperature of the glass under the actual cooling rate is measured, and the mold pre-compensation factor can be quickly calculated. Experimental results show that the peak valley (PV) value of the surface form error of molded aspheric lens with an aperture of 5.3 mm is effectively reduced from 2.04 μm to 0.31 μm after the pre-compensation, thus meeting the geometric evaluation criterion.

A method to compensate for migration stretch to improve the resolution of amplitude variation with offset, S-impedance (ZS), and density (ρ)

Because of their improved leverage against ground roll and multiples, as well as the ability to estimate azimuthal anisotropy, wide-azimuth 3D seismic surveys routinely now are acquired over most resource plays. For a relatively shallow target, most of these surveys can be considered to be long offset as well, containing incident angles up to 45°. Unfortunately, effective use of the far-offset data often is compromised by noise and normal moveout (NMO) (or, more accurately, prestack migration) stretch. The conventional NMO correction is well-known to decrease the frequency content and distort the seismic wavelet at far offsets, sometimes giving rise to tuning effects. Most quantitative interpreters work with prestack migrated gathers rather than unmigrated NMO-corrected gathers. However, prestack migration of flat reflectors suffers from the same limitation called migration stretch. Migration stretch leads to lower S-impedance ([Formula: see text]) and density ([Formula: see text]) resolution estimated from inversion, misclassification of amplitude variation with offset (AVO) types, and infidelity in amplitude variation with azimuth (AVAZ) inversion results. We have developed a matching pursuit algorithm commonly used in spectral decomposition to correct the migration stretch by scaling the stretched wavelets using a wavelet compensation factor. The method is based on hyperbolic moveout approximation. The corrected gathers show increased resolution and higher fidelity amplitudes at the far offsets leading to improvement in AVO classification. Correction for migration stretch rather than conventional “stretch-mute” corrections provides three advantages: (1) preservation of far angles required for accurate [Formula: see text] inversion, (2) improvement in the vertical resolution of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] volumes, and (3) preservation of far angles that provide greater leverage against multiples. We apply our workflow to data acquired in the Fort Worth Basin and retain incident angles up to 42° at the Barnett Shale target. Comparing [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] of the original gather and migration stretch-compensated data, we find an insignificant improvement in [Formula: see text], but a moderate to significant improvement in resolution of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The method is valid for reservoirs that exhibit a dip of no more than 2°. Consistent improvement is observed in resolving thick beds, but the method might introduce amplitude anomalies at far offsets for tuning beds.