Simulating the Influence of Supporting Electrolyte Concentration on Copper Electrodeposition in Microvias

Robust, void-free Cu electrodeposition in high-aspect ratio features relies on careful tuning of electrolyte additives, concentrations, and electrochemical parameters for a given feature dimension or wafer pattern. Typically, Cu electrodeposition in electronics manufacturing of microscale or larger features (i.e., microvias, through-holes, and high-density interconnects) employs a CuSO4 – H2SO4 electrolyte containing millimolar levels of chloride and, at a minimum, micromolar levels of a polyether suppressor. Research and optimization efforts have largely focused on the relationship between electrolyte additives and growth morphology, with less attention given to the impact of supporting electrolyte. Accordingly, a computational study exploring the influence of supporting electrolyte on Cu electrodeposition in microvias is presented herein. The model builds upon prior experimental and computational research on localized Cu deposition by incorporating the full charge conservation equation with electroneutrality to describe potential variation in the presence of ionic gradients. In accord with experimental observations, simulations predict enhanced current localization to the microvia bottom as H2SO4 concentration is decreased. This phenomenon derives from enhanced electromigration within recessed features that accompanies the decrease of conductivity with local metal ion depletion. This beneficial aspect of low acid electrolytes is also impacted by feature density, CuSO4 concentration, and the extent of convection.

A Survey of Localization Methods for Autonomous Vehicles in Highway Scenarios

In the context of autonomous vehicles on highways, one of the first and most important tasks is to localize the vehicle on the road. For this purpose, the vehicle needs to be able to take into account the information from several sensors and fuse them with data coming from road maps. The localization problem on highways can be distilled into three main components. The first one consists of inferring on which road the vehicle is currently traveling. Indeed, Global Navigation Satellite Systems are not precise enough to deduce this information by themselves, and thus a filtering step is needed. The second component consists of estimating the vehicle’s position in its lane. Finally, the third and last one aims at assessing on which lane the vehicle is currently driving. These two last components are mandatory for safe driving as actions such as overtaking a vehicle require precise information about the current localization of the vehicle. In this survey, we introduce a taxonomy of the localization methods for autonomous vehicles in highway scenarios. We present each main component of the localization process, and discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the associated state-of-the-art methods.

High-precision and robust localization system for mobile robots in complex and large-scale indoor scenes

High-precision and robust localization is the key issue for long-term and autonomous navigation of mobile robots in industrial scenes. In this article, we propose a high-precision and robust localization system based on laser and artificial landmarks. The proposed localization system is mainly composed of three modules, namely scoring mechanism-based global localization module, laser and artificial landmark-based localization module, and relocalization trigger module. Global localization module processes the global map to obtain the map pyramid, thus improve the global localization speed and accuracy when robots are powered on or kidnapped. Laser and artificial landmark-based localization module is employed to achieve robust localization in highly dynamic scenes and high-precision localization in target areas. The relocalization trigger module is used to monitor the current localization quality in real time by matching the current laser scan with the global map and feeds it back to the global localization module to improve the robustness of the system. Experimental results show that our method can achieve robust robot localization and real-time detection of the current localization quality in indoor scenes and industrial environment. In the target area, the position error is less than 0.004 m and the angle error is less than 0.01 rad.

Social Learning Class Topper Optimization (SL-CTO) Based Hop Localization Technique for Wireless Sensor Network

To address the current situation limitation of traditional DV-Hop, we suggested a DV-Hop localization based on a rectification factor using the Social Learning Class Topper Optimization (SL - CTO) algorithm in that paper. In order to adjust the number of hops between beacon nodes, we have implemented a rectification factor in the suggested method. By measuring the dimensions of all the beacons at dumb nodes, the suggested algorithm decreases communication among unknown or dumb and beacon nodes. The model of network imbalance, It is often considered to be demonstrate a applicability of the Proposed approach in the anisotropic network. Simulations have been performed on LabVIEW@2015, and Comparisons were made with conventional DV-Hop, particle swarm optimization-based DV-Hop and runner-root optimization-based DV-Hop for our proposed algorithm. In comparison to current localization methods, simulation outcomes showed that the proposed localization technique reduces computing time, localization error variance and localization error.

A Review of Indoor Localization Techniques and Wireless Technologies

This paper introduces a review article on indoor localization techniques and technologies. The paper starts with current localization systems and summarizes comparisons between these systems in terms of accuracy, cost, advantages, and disadvantages. Also, the paper presents different detection techniques and compare them in terms of accuracy and cost. Finally, localization methods and algorithms, including angle of arrival (AOA), time of arrival (TOA), and recived signal strength (RSS) are introduced. The study contains concepts, requirements, and specifications for each category of methods presents pros and cons for investigated methods, and conducts comparisons between them.

Found in Translation: Evolving Approaches for the Localization of Japanese Video Games

Japanese video games have entertained players around the world and played an important role in the video game industry since its origins. In order to export Japanese games overseas, they need to be localized, i.e., they need to be technically, linguistically, and culturally adapted for the territories where they will be sold. This article hopes to shed light onto the current localization practices for Japanese games, their reception in North America, and how users’ feedback can contribute to fine-tuning localization strategies. After briefly defining what game localization entails, an overview of the localization practices followed by Japanese developers and publishers is provided. Next, the paper presents three brief case studies of the strategies applied to the localization into English of three renowned Japanese video game sagas set in Japan: Persona (1996–present), Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney (2005–present), and Yakuza (2005–present). The objective of the paper is to analyze how localization practices for these series have evolved over time by looking at industry perspectives on localization, as well as the target market expectations, in order to examine how the dialogue between industry and consumers occurs. Special attention is given to how players’ feedback impacted on localization practices. A descriptive, participant-oriented, and documentary approach was used to collect information from specialized websites, blogs, and forums regarding localization strategies and the reception of the localized English versions. The analysis indicates that localization strategies for Japanese games have evolved over time from a higher to a lower degree of cultural adaptation in order to meet target markets’ expectations. However, it was also noted that despite the increasing tendency to preserve the sociocultural content of the original, the language used in the translations needs to be vivid and idiomatic in order to reach a wider audience and provide an enjoyable gameplay experience.

Исследование пространственной динамики включения лазера-тиристора (905 нм) на основе многопереходной гетероструктуры AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs

The switching on process spatial dynamics of a laser-thyristor based on an AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs heterostructure with a thin p-base has been studied. The heterostructure had a modified base with a middle-doped layer at the n-emitter, which makes it possible to increase the operating voltages in order to generate nanosecond current pulses. In laser thyristor pulsed sources based on the proposed heterostructure, a high degree of current flow region localization arising during turn on process of the device was demonstrated. Using the current localization regions luminescence, the propagation dynamics of the switched-on state was estimated. The anode contact sizes required for the nanosecond range pulsed current switches or laser emitters development are obtained.

A New SLAM Algorithm with Key-Frame Estimation and Local Map Upgrade Scheme

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping(SLAM) is the most important tool in creating map and auto-navigation, which is an indispensable link for pilotless automobile. The current SLAM algorithms suffer from unreliable feature matching and large registration error. To reduce those deficiencies, we proposed a key-frame estimation and local map upgrade scheme, which include the following 3 parts:1) Local map matching strategy; 2) Local map updating scheme; 3) Key-frame selecting scheme. Experimental results proved that our scheme improved the performance of current localization methods.

Research of thermal electric processes in power modules.

The paper describes the results of investigation of thermophysical processes in power modules. Measuring the thermal field caused by dies heating due to flow of heating current shows uniform temperature distribution in the area of dies mount. This indicates that the processes of current localization caused by positive thermal feedback are compensated by the processes of heat transfer between the chips through the DBC board, which has a high thermal conductivity. The modulation method was used to measure the thermal resistance "junction-to-case" of the power module. In this case, the module dies were heated by PWM pulses of the heating current through the antiparallel diodes of the module MOSFETs. The modulation method allows to measure power module thermal resistance, which value is less than 0.1 K/W.

A Surgeon’s Guide for Various Lung Nodule Localization Techniques and the Newest Technologies

Preoperative image-guided localization of lung nodules is necessary for successful intraoperative localization and resection. However, current localization techniques carry significant intraoperative disadvantages for surgeons. Articles were selected through multiple search engines using key search terms and reviewed to compare results, outcomes, advantages, limitations, and complications of various localization methods. Current methods utilize microcoils, hookwires, contrast media, dyes, cyanoacrylate, radiotracers, or fluorescence tracers, which are associated with many intraoperative disadvantages even when paired with other imaging modalities including computed tomography and bronchoscopy techniques. Novel technologies including robotic bronchoscopy, 4-hook anchor, SPiN Thoracic Navigation System, superDimension, Ion Endoluminal System, and the SCOUT system are reviewed including their advantages, which may change the future direction of minimal thoracoscopic surgery with potential to improve intraoperative accuracy and efficiency.