INSIGHTS INTO THE CONCEPT OF TRIVIDHA BODHYA SANGRAHA: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW

Ayurveda being the Shashwatha Vijnana deals with many concepts which are applicable at all times. As the Pray- ojana of the Science is maintaining the health of healthy and curing the diseases of diseased person; in order to understand the disease, many concepts have been described among which Trividha Bodhya Sangraha is the prime one. This particular concept has been dealt under Rogachatushka of Charaka Samhita while explaining about Asan- khyeyatva of Vyadhi. It includes Vikara Prakruthi, Adhishtana and Samutthana Vishesha. In classical texts there is an elaborative description of many diseases; but as time passes a new variety of pathological presentations are manifesting which are not exactly similar to those mentioned in classics. There might be different Nidanas, different dosha involvement, different Adhisthana in the body and different Lakshanas. In such cases, a proper understanding of the entire condition is necessary to plan management protocol. Prior to that, there is the necessity of complete knowledge about Trividha Bodhya Sangraha i.e. their scope, application and limitations. Therefore, the present work is attempting for the same which will be helpful in understanding the concept and application of the same in practice. Keywords: Trividha Bodhya Sangraha, Vikara Prakruthi, Adhishtana, Samutthana Vishesha, Anukta Vyadhi, Aparisankhya Vyadhi.

THE THREAT OF DISEASE ON FEMALE IDENTITY IN EMILE ZOLA’S NOVELS

Disease and its effect on the body and personal autonomy, as well as its influence on the social position of the diseased person, are among the key themes in the novels of the 19th century French writer Émile Zola. When it comes to female characters, illness has a multifold impact, having both physical and psychological effects, erasing in extreme cases female identity itself. The aim of this article is to offer insights into how sickness is depicted as a menace that leaves female characters deprived of any power they might have by affecting their appearance, which is the main indicator of their social identity and the key instrument they can use to establish and maintain relationships, and by taking away their ability to control themselves and how they are seen by others.

A REVIEW ON THE ACTION OF AGNIKARMA

Ayurveda is an ancient medicinal system; the basic principle of Ayurveda is that a healthy person should maintain good health and a diseased person should be cured. Ancient Ayurvedic Acharya has mentioned various treatments in their Samhitas. e.g., medicinal, surgical etc. Acharya Sushrata has mentioned various surgical procedures along with some para surgical procedures. Agnikar- ma is one of the superior anushastra karma (para surgical measure). Acharya Sushruta confidently said about Ag- nikarma that the disease treated by it can never occur again. In this modern era, it is performed and evolved as therapeutic burns or cauterization. Keywords: Agnikarma, shalyakarma, dosha.

Etiopathogenesis of Pandu Roga: An Ayurvedic Literary Review

Ahara (dietary habits) and Vihar (lifestyle) play pivot role in health or manifestation of various diseases. Erroneous dietary habits and lifestyle produce disturbance in equilibrium of Doshas which further lead to manifestation of various diseases. Pandu Roga is a disease entity described in Ayurvedic texts, which is characterized by the pallor complexion of the skin of the diseased person. This article is based on the Etiopathogenesis of Pandu Roga as described in various Ayurvedic literatures. Pandu Roga shows great resemblance to the clinical picture of Anaemia. In Ayurveda, Roga and Rogi Pariksha are the key factors for making diagnosis and selection of the treatment. Understanding of Etiopathogenesis and classification of Pandu Roga plays an important role in effective management of the disease. Key words: Pandu Roga, Etiopathogenesis of Pandu, Anaemia

ROLE OF MUDGA AND KWATHITA SHEETA JALA (BOILED AND COOLED WATER) AS A PATHYA AAHAR WITH YOGA MODALITIES IN AMLAPITTA

The key intends of Ayurveda is to maintain the health of healthy persons and make well the ill health of the diseased person. In Swasthavritta it has been clearly mentioned about Hitakara ahara-vihara and Yoga for healthy life. Amlapitta is a very common disease of Annavaha srotas. In present time a huge population is highly affected from Amlapitta due to unhealthy food habits, mental stress, and inactive life style. This paper investigates the effect of Mudga and Kwathita Sheeta Jala (Boiled and cooled water) as a Pathya- ahara and Yoga modalities in Amlapitta. Furthermore, the combined effect of Mudga, Kwathita Sheeta Jala and Yoga modalities in Amlapitta has also studied. In this present study, 60 patients were assigned into three Group A, B and C (20 patients in each group). All the general observations and results with statistical data of 20 patients of each group were illustrated in the form of tables and graphs. In this study, the therapy of Group C shows better result than Group A and Group B. Hence, Mudga Yusha and Kwathita Sheeta Jala (boiled and cooled water) along with Yoga modalities is more effective to control Amlapitta disease.

USHNODAKA AS A DAILY ROUTINE

Ayurveda is the ‘science of life’ mainly aims at positive health by preventing a person from getting any disease as well as treat the diseased person. A balanced state of Tridosha, Dhatus, Mala, Agni etc helps to keep one’s life healthy. Any disturbances in these factors will leads to ill health. So, in present era we should plan accordingly and should follow strictly Dinacharya, Ritucharya, and Ratricharya to maintain the proper health. Ayurveda has de- scribed some rules for Ahara, Vihara and Jalasevana. Acharya Sushrutha told that the life of living creature is water itself. Water is one of the pancha mahabhuta which is vital for the creatures. Trishna is one among non-suppressible natural urge described in our science. Ayurveda recommends the intake of cold as well as warm water based on the body condition. Our Acharyas explained the benefits of Ushnambu, Shitambu, and their qualities, and we should consider the indications and contra indications of water to maintain the Avikrutavastha of Tridosha and Agni. ‘Ush- nodaka ‘means warm water but here water should be boiled properly not just heated. Generally, Udaka is used as Anupana for Ahara, but Ushnodaka has its own specialty as an Anupana for Ahara, for Aushadhi, and it can be used in particular Vyadhivastha. Thus, Ushnodaka plays an important role in Swastha Samrakshana as well as Vikara Prashamana. So here I made an attempt to discuss the importance of Ushnodaka as a daily routine. Keywords: Ushnodaka, Swastha, Anupana, Jalasevana, Agni, Tridosha, Vyadhi, Daily routine.

“Rutucharya: A lifestyle must follow to increase immunity."

Ayurved is Anadi and Anant shastra which deals with restoration of health of Healthy person and also of the diseased person. For maintenance of healthy life as we all know Ayurved Acharyas has given first preference and described treatment for diseases. For restoration of health i.e. Swasthya rakshan Acharya Charak has given 1st Chatushka name as Swasthya Chatushka in Sutrasthana. It includes Dinacharya, Sadavritta and Rutucharya. Rutucharya includes description of seasonal changes of rutu, effect on doshas, ahar- vihara to be taken and ahar-vihara to be avoided. It is the lifestyle changes to be adopted as per the seasonal changes. This description if followed prevents dosha vitiation and preventing diseases.

THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF SANCHAYAVSTHA OF SATHKRIYAKALA W.S.R SEASONS (RITUS)

The Prayojana of Ayurveda is of two types, Maintenance of health a healthy Person, by adopting the Ritu-charya, Dincharya and Sadvritta and curing of a disease of diseased Person, by adopting therapeutic measures. Kriya means Action or treatment. Kala means Time or period. So Shatkriyakala means ‘Appro-priate time Periods to take action/treatment. Acharya Susrutha has narrated detail idea of Shatkriyakala in 21st chapter of Sutrasthana. Shatkriyakala include six stages viz Sanchaya, Prakopa, Prasara, Sthansam-shraya, Vyaktavastha and Bhedavastha. That means 6 (the number Six). Shatkriyakala is distinctive concept of Ayurveda. By knowing the process of shatkriyakala the disease process can be arrest at initial stage and avoid the Probabilities of complications. Acharya Sushrutha already mentions the Kriyakala helps the phy-sician to adopt line of treatment by seeing the vitiated Dosha condition by his intellect and knowledge. So, we can say that the physician who diagnose a disease and treat according to Shatkriyakala will be become a successful Practitioner. Keywords: Ayurveda, Shatkriyakala, Ritucharya, Dincharya

PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY OF BEDAQUILINE AMONG INDIAN MDR-TB PATIENTS IN CLINICAL SETTINGS

Bedaquiline, a novel drug was approved for the treatment of multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) by the US FDA in 2012. It is majorly caused because of the transmission of multi-resistant strain from a diseased person to a healthy individual and by genetic factors. Safety, efficacy, and bactericidal activity of Bedaquiline were reported in various studies, but the pharmacokinetic analysis of Bedaquiline in clinical settings was unclear. This study serves as evidence for the physicians regarding the pharmacokinetic data and managing drug therapy and for better patient outcome in routine clinical practice. This study is conducted in a total of 58 patients with newly diagnosed, smear-positive, MDR-TB patients who received Bedaquiline as per RNTCP guidelines. Plasma samples were collected after the Bedaquiline administration. The patient samples were analyzed. The pharmacokinetic data were drawn by using software kinetic-2000, version 5.03.The observed Cmax was 2523.08 ng/mL, Tmax was reached at 4 hrs, AUC(0-24) was 21727.1 ng *hr/mL, AUMC (0-24) was 222953.8 ng *hr2/mL. Whereas the half-life of the drug was found at 7 .02 hrs and mean residence time (MRT) was found to be 10.25 hrs respectively. The data was even on the 14th day of therapy. The Cmax is shown to be 5937.1ng/mL reaching the Cmax at about 5 hours. While the AUC(0-24) was found to be 65780 ng *hr/mL. Conclusively, pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated and found to be within the desired limits with minimal changes. This method can be further used for the quantification of Bedaquiline in routine clinical practice.

A detailed investigation in determining Alzheimer’s disease and its risk factor using different classification techniques

The prevalence of genetic disorders has recently crept surprisingly high. Neurodegenerative complications, specifically, pose physical and mental stress to parents and caretakers. These complications may be witnessed in the case of dementia. The general dementia type that accounted for between 60 to 80 per cent of psychiatric illnesses was Alzheimer's disease. At an earlier stage, illness detection serves as a critical task that helps the diseased person to enjoy a decent quality of life. It has become a much necessitated strategy towards relying on automated techniques like data mining approach for early diagnosis and assessment of risk factors concerned with Alzheimer’s. There has been an unprecedented growth of interest concerned with devising novelized approaches proposed in recent times for classifying the disease. However, there is still a grave need for developing an efficacious approach for better prognosis and classification. Data mining is carried out using different machine-learning approaches to assess the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Through the present research, and we compared numerous classification methods such as Decision Tree, Linear SVM, KNN, Logistic Regression, Radial SVM, and Random Forest, and finally reported the most outstanding approach in terms of its accuracy.