THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF DYNAMIC VISCOSITY AND TYXOTROPY OF HIGH-VISCOUS OIL IN THE HIGH ALCOHOLS PRESENCE AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION

The delivery of high-viscosity petroleum, which demonstrates significant resistance to pressure, from wells to refineries has long been the cause of energy costs during transportation through pipelines. In order to reduce costs, various methods are used: heating, dilution, ultrasonic effect, emulsification in water. We have investigated the effect of fusel oil on the rheological and physical characteristics of high-viscosity petroleum in order to reduce its viscosity, and as a result, reduce the resistance of the system during transportation through the pipeline. It has been established that the addition of 5-10% fusel oil under certain conditions can increase the petroleum dynamic viscosity. This fact should be taken into account when using the fusel oil fraction alcohols in tracer studies. The petroleum has a lower viscosity in the presence of fusel oil at a temperature of 30 ° C and 40 ° C. Moreover, with an increase in shear stress of more than 10 Pa, an almost linear dependence is observed in the decrease in viscosity for both petroleum and petroleum systems with fusel oil in the range from 5% to 20%. At the same time, the nature of the flow of petroleum systems with fusel oil with a change in shear stress and temperature almost completely corresponds to the behavior of petroleum. In general, given the lower viscosity of fusel oil, the behavior of the systems is logical except for the petroleum system with the addition of 5% fusel oil at a temperature of 30 ° C where the dynamic viscosity was higher than the viscosity of the petroleum in the range of shear stresses up to 10 Pa. Moreover, according to the results of the study, it is unlikely that the systems form eutectics since the pour point of the test petroleum has 29.8 ° C, the pour point of the alcohol fraction of fusel oil is lower than -50 ° C, and the petroleum: fusel oil 80:20 system has 28.8 ° C. The resulting systems remain thixotropic and have a non-Newtonian flow character, that is, paraffins and resinous substances do not form true solutions and eutectics with fusel oil.

Acidic and Catalytic Properties of Zeolites Modified by Zinc in the Conversion Process of Lower C3–C4 Alkanes

The acid and catalytic properties of the modified MFI zeolite catalysts during the conversion of the propane–butane fraction of the associated petroleum gases into the aromatic hydrocarbons were studied. It was established that the high-silica zeolites synthesized with the new structure-forming additive of the alcohol fraction (ZKE-AF) belong to the high-silica MFI zeolites. The resulting zeolites were modified by 1–5 wt. % additives consisting of zinc oxide and sulfide. The influence of the modifying additive concentration containing zinc oxides and sulfides in an amount of 1–5% on the acid and catalytic properties of the catalysts in the conversion process of lower C3–C4 alkanes into liquid hydrocarbons was studied. The research of the acid properties of the modified zeolite catalysts by thermal desorption of ammonia showed that the total concentrations of the acidic centers of H-ZKE-AF modified by 3% and 5% ZnO increased. It was found that the highest yield of liquid hydrocarbons was on the zeolite catalysts modified by 3% and 5% ZnS, and is 60.6% and 60.5%, respectively, which is 9% more than in the initial H-ZKE-AF. The activity of the zeolite catalysts modified by zinc oxide and zinc sulfide was in correlation with their acid properties.

Isolation of Flavonoid Compounds from Amyl Alcohol Fraction of Golek Mango Leaf (Mangifera indica L cv. Golek)

Mango plant (Mangifera indica L.) is a tropical fruit plant with high nutrition in the Anacardiaceae family. One of the several varieties of mango plants spread throughout Indonesia, namely mango golek. This study aims to obtain flavonoid isolates and find out the types of flavonoids in the leaves of mango golek. In this study, maceration was carried out to obtain ethanol extract, then followed by phytochemical tests, removal of chlorophyll using distilled water (1: 1), hydrolysis using 2N HCl, followed by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate and amyl alcohol. In the amyl alcohol fraction, flavonoid was separated using gravity column chromatography with a mixture of eluent n-butanol:n-hexane:methanol (4:2:1). Phytochemical tests showed positive results for alkaloids, saponins, tannins, quinones and flavonoids. UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis provides absorption at a wavelength of 263 nm while FTIR analysis showed the presence of O-H, C=O, C-O-C aliphatic, and C-O alcohol groups. LC-MS/MS instrument analysis showed m/z of 300 which is the molecular mass of isoflavone compound.

Analysis of bioactive minor compounds in three olive oils from varieties of olive tree eastern Algerian (Bouricha, Limli and Blanquette).

The study of bioactive compounds on the health of the unsaponifiable fraction of three olive oils from three cultivars of eastern Algeria carried out by gas chromatography revealed the presence of 11 compounds with the predominance of b-Sitosterol, Sterol characteristic of olive oils and having a nutritional and pharmacological value. The highest content was found in Limli oil (81.59%). Two triterpene dialcohols were chromatographed with sterols (erythrodiol and uvaol), the content of which can be identified fraud and to detect whether the virgin oil is mixed with the oil of pomace. Analysis of the alcohol fraction by GPC-FID revealed the predominance of a triterpene alcohol, 24-methylene cycloarenol for the three varieties with a higher content for Blanquette (48.03%) followed by cycloarenol. For the aliphatic alcohols, the analysis shows the predominance of four alcohols with 22, 23, 24 and 28 carbon atoms whose contents are higher for Limli oil. The spectrophotometric determination of antioxidant pigments shows that Limli oil is richer in chlorophylls with an average of 13.53 mg / kg and a significantly higher carotenoid content for Bouricha and Limli (13.10 -12.82 mg / Kg). The total polyphenols were lower for Blanquette (83.36 mg / kg) compared with Bouricha and Limli (133.3 mg / kg and 121.3 mg / kg), making them more stable during oxidation storage and whose beneficial effects of olive oil are mainly attributed to these substances, in particular the antioxidant action that would protect against diseases of oxidative stress.

Hypolipidemic effects of Myrica rubra extracts and main compounds in C57BL/6j mice

The present study evaluated the antihyperlipidemic activity of myricetin, myricetrin, the alcohol fraction (AF) and the ethyl acetate fraction (EF) obtained from the bark of Myrica rubra (MR) in high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFHC) induced hyperlipidemic C57BL/6j mice.

Contribution Ratio Study of Fuel Alcohol and Gasoline on the Alcohol and Hydrocarbon Emissions of a Gasohol Engine

Methanol (CH3OH) and ethanol (C2H5OH) are generally called alcohol. They can be mixed with gasoline to fuel SI engine. The fuel blends of alcohol and gasoline are named gasohol. Alcohol emission characteristics and the contributions of fuel on hydrocarbon (HC) emission were experimentally investigated on a three-cylinder, electronic controlled, spark ignition JL368Q3 engine when it ran on 10 (v/v) %, 20 (v/v) %, and 85 (v/v) % methanol/gasoline and ethanol/gasoline fuel blends. Experimental results show that, the value of alcohol emission rates (g alcohol emission per kg alcohol fuel, g/kg.) is a decreasing exponential function of exhaust temperature with high correlation; regardless of the alcohol fraction in fuel blends, the CH3OH emission rate is no more than 8%, while that of C2H5OH no more than 35%. The emission rate of nonalcohol HC was one grade higher than the alcohol emission rate; the minimum HC emission rate occurs at middle and high engine loads, it is around 40% for methanol/gasoline blends and about 50% for ethanol/gasoline blends. Gasoline is the main source of HC emission of gasohol engine, methanol contributes no more than 8% while ethanol no more than 25% on HC emission.

Epicuticular Leaf Wax of Cistus albanicus, Cistaceae

The epicuticular wax of Cistus albanicus was investigated. Homologous series of alkanes, wax esters, alcohols and long chain fatty acids were identified. The alcohol fraction consisted of primary and most probably of secondary alcohols.

The Structure of a Ring-A-seco-nor-Triterpenol from Hoya australis Leaf Wax

The main triterpenol, isolated from the alcohol fraction of very old green leaves of Hoya australis R. Br. ex Traill, has been identified as 3,4-seco-3-nor-olean-12-en-1-ol by mass spectral and NMR data.