On the markers for schizophrenia

Summary. The study of various markers indicating an imbalance in both the neurotransmitter and immune systems observed in patients with schizophrenia is currently of great scientific and practical interest. These studies allow us to deepen knowledge about the etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenic spectrum disorders, to facili-tate the classification and conduct of differential diagnosis in complex diagnostic cases. The article presents the results of laboratory studies of DMT-1, CD4, CD20, CD34 and dopamine in 24 people suffering from paranoid schizophrenia, and 14 healthy individuals. The aim of the study was to determine DMT-1, CD4, CD20, CD34 and dopamine as possible markers for the diagnosis of schizophrenia using the minimally invasive method.Materials and methods: Buccal epithelium was taken in 2 groups of patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia receiving and not receiving therapy with psychotropic drugs. The third group consisted of healthy volunteers. The samples were studied by the immunocytochemical method followed by visualization using scanning laser confocal microscopy and morphometric analysis.Results and discussion: : It was revealed that the markers studied were found to be associated with the nature of mental disorder, but not with the influence of psychotropic drugs used in it. Conclusion: The results of this study may indicate the possibility of minimally invasive diagnosis of schizophrenia using this method; however, the authors note that the results of the study should be considered preliminary. It is necessary to expand the number of patients and compare them with groups of patients suffering from other mental disorders, which is certainly important for assessing the adequacy of the proposed method and the possibility of its use in differential diagnosis.

Isolation and \(\textit{in vitro}\) cultivation of human urothelial cells from urine of patients

In clinical practice the number of urothelial cells collected by biopsy are limited and the procedure requires general anaesthesia. Therefore, in order to acquire enough urothelial cells for in vitro engineering of the urothelium, in this research we aim to isolate urothelial cells from human urine by an alternative, effective, low-cost and safe technique rather than using the indicated method. Sixty human urine samples had been collected from patients and volunteers, cells then were precipitated by centrifugation and cultured. Following the isolation process, these cells were characterized by the immunocytochemical method using some specific antibodies. There are 2 types of cells were successfully isolated from with different shape and morphology, one of them grew randomly while the others formed smooth-edge contours and cobblestone-like cell morphology. These cells were characterized by immunostaining with a specific marker, both of these cells were positive for urothelial marker cytokeratin 7. All these results were taken into consideration, the isolated cells were urothelial cells observed in the urine-derived cell population. These results will be used for in vitro studies in toxicological and clinical research, and it will be the premised research to determine the cell mechanical properties and then develop a promising method for early diagnosis of bladder cancer.

MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF SEROTONERGIC NERVOUS COMPONENTS IN PLANARIANS GIRARDIA TIGRINA

The serotonergic components in the nervous system of planarian Girardia tigrina was shown by immunocytochemical method. The whole-mounts are used to extract the maximum information and conduct a quantitative morphometric analysis of serotonin-immunopositive elements in different body regions. The planarian nervous system is represented by cephalic ganglion in the anterior body part and a pair of well-defined ventral nerve cords running along the body. The density of serotonin components is greatest in the head region, which reflects in thickness of cephalic ganglion arch (123–94 µm) and of nerve cords, gradually decreasing from head (111–97 µm) to middle (83–42 µm) and tail (64-28 µm) zones. Nerve nodes contain 4–10 serotonergic neurons in different body regions and connected by a few transverse commissures with a distance from 70 to 145 µm. Results supplement the available data and can be useful for comparative analysis of serotonergic components in free-living and parasitic flatworms.

Deteksi Virus Dengue pada Nyamuk Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) yang Tersebar di Kabupaten Sumba Timur dan Sumba Barat Daya

Incidence Rate (IR) of Dengue fever in east and southwest Sumba district in 2015 amounted to 10.7‰ and 12.95‰ respectively. The phenomenon which is often found during this time is the transovarial transmission of the dengue virus in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. The purpose of this research was to determine the presence of viral infections in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes through transovarial. It was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The sample was an adult Ae. aegypti mosquito that is 8 to 10 days old. Dengue virus in mosquito body was checked by using immunocytochemical method Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (ISBPC) at headsquash preparation. The resultshowed that the transovarial infection presence in male and female Ae. aegypti in East and Southwest Sumba District with Transovarial Infection Rate (TIR) in females and males ranging from 41.67%-41.92 and 25.00 – 50.00% respectively. The female and males mosquitoes TIR in East Sumba district were ranging from 20.00%-40.00% and 35.00%-40.00% respectively. East and Southwest Sumba districts are a high potential area for the transmission of dengue hemorrhagic fever with the presence of dengue virus in Ae. aegypti. Abstrak Incidence Rate (IR) Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya dan Kabupaten Sumba Timur pada tahun 2015 masing-masing sebesar 10,7‰ dan 12,95‰. Fenomena yang sering ditemukan selama ini adalah transmisi trans-ovari virus dengue pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui adanya infeksi virus dengue pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti melalui trans-ovari. Penelitian ini merupakan studi deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Sampelnya adalah nyamuk Ae. aegypti dewasa yang telah berumur delapan sampai 10 hari. Pemeriksaan virus Dengue dalam tubuh nyamuk menggunakan metode Imunositokimia Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (ISBPC) pada sediaan headsquash. Hasil penelitian infeksi virus dengue pada Ae. aegypti betina maupun jantan di Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya menunjukkan adanya infeksi virus dengue melalui trans-ovari dengan Transovarial Infection Rate pada nyamuk betina berkisar antara 41,67% - 41,92, dan pada nyamuk jantan 25,00 – 50,00%. Transovarial Infection Rate di Kabupaten Sumba Timur pada nyamuk betina yang berkisar antara 20,00% - 40,00% dan pada nyamuk jantan 35,00% - 40,00%. Kesimpulannya Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya dan kabupaten Sumba Timur merupakan daerah yang berpotensi untuk terjadinya penularan DBD dengan ditemukannya infeksi virus dengue pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti betina maupun jantan.

MELATONIN MODULATES DYNAMICS OF PLANARIAN STEM CELL PROLIFERATION

Melatonin is a derivate of biogenic amine of serotonin identified in all classes of animals including flatworms. Melatonin demonstrates different physiological functions the main of which is circadian rhythm regulation. Via specific G-protein coupled receptors, melatonin affects the target cells changing the levels of other hormones. On early stages of embryonic development, biogenic amines as well as melatonin play a role of specific signal cell molecules that regulate processes of cellular renewal. This work has studied physiological function of melatonin in free-living flatworms, planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. The influence of melatonin on diurnal dynamics of stem cells proliferation was investigated using an immunocytochemical method and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The specific antibodies against H3 phosphohistones were applied for immunocytochemical identification of proliferative cells. It was shown that melatonin (1 µМ) decreased the total number of proliferative cells in planarians. It was also found that the diurnal dynamics of cells proliferation in planarians was changed by melatonin: regular rhythmic oscillations observed in the control group of animals were smoothening. Further researches are required to clarify mechanisms of melatonin actions.

CASE OF CYTOMORPHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF PANCREATIC SCHWANNOMA

Background: Schwannoma is an extremely rare non-epithelial tumor of the pancreas. Less than 50 cases of pancreatic schwannoma have been described in the literature over the past thirty years and only few cases report has described its findings on Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA). Preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic schwannoma can be particularly challenging. Pancreatic schwannomas may mimic other, more common pancreatic lesions, such as cystic neoplasms, solid neoplasms, neuroendocrine tumors. Cytomorphological verification of the diagnosis is difficult due to the similarity of Schwannomas with other non-epithelial tumors from spindle cells. Therefore, pancreatic schwannomas have a very high rate of misdiagnosis. Objective: demonstration preoperative diagnosis and treatment of a rare pancreatic tumor. Materials and methods: Here we present a case of preoperative cytomorphological diagnosis of pancreatic schwannoma in a 58-year-old man. During magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and endosonography (EUS), the patient was diagnosed the tumor in the head of the pancreas with a diameter of up to 7 cm. For morphological verification of the process, a fine needle aspiration puncture of the formation was performed under EUS control. Diagnosis of pancreatic schwannoma was established by cytomorphological examination of cell block material using immunocytochemical method. Conclusion: the analysis of the result of cytomorphological diagnosis of pancreatic schwannoma is presented.

Predictive value of Ki-67 and p16 protein expression in pregnant women infected with HPV for assessing the course of intraepital lesions of cervix

The purpose — to determine the expression of Ki-67 and p16 in pregnant women infected with HPV, and their role in the diagnosis and prognosis of severe cervical neoplasia. Material and methods. Design: open-label observational non-interventional cohort clinical study. We examined 26 pregnant women infected with HPV, aged 23 to 31 years. Methods: general clinical nethods, Kvant-21 test for determining HPV types and quantitative load, cytological examination, determination of the expression of Ki-67 and p16 proteins by immunocytochemical method. Results. It was shown that with an increase of the cervical lesion severity, the proportion of patients with tumor markers increased (from 20% with NILM to 100% with HSIL), and the intensity of Ki-67/p16 expression was moderate (2+) in 25% of patients with LSIL and high (3+) in 100% of patients with HSIL. A higher statistically significant viral load was detected for the HPV A9 DNA group (16, 31, 33, 35, 52, 58 types) upon detection of tumor markers compared with their absence, confirmed by a logit regression model with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 89%. Conclusion. Due to the lack of an unambiguous opinion about the extent to which changes in the expression of Ki-67 and p16 reflect information about the CIN evolution during pregnancy, further research is needed to obtain data that would allow for an appropriate interpretation of the revealed phenomena.

Chronobiological features of melatonin receptors (MT1) expression in breast cancer cells.

e12581 Background: According to WHO data, Breast Cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in women. The biological role of Melatonin in the etiology and pathogenesis of the tumour disease has already been approved by a number of research studies. The purpose of our investigation was the assessment of features of Melatonin receptor circadian expression in circulating tumour cells of breast cancer (CTCs). Methods: We observed 34 patients (aged 36-68) with breast cancer (various immunophenotypes). CTCs were separated from patients’ venous blood every third day, in 02:00-04:00 pm and in 02:00-04:00 am intervals. The cells were taken from each patient 4 times. On CTCs, MT1 – receptor expression was assessed using immunocytochemical method. Results: Results of the study revealed that Melatonin receptor expression in breast cancer patients is characterised by the noticable circadian rhythmics. MT1–receptor expression peak by CTCs was detected at 02:00-04:00 am i.e. at night. The less aggressive tumor the higher is the extent of the receptor expression (density). Respectively, in hormone dependent and Her2/neu (negative) tumors the highest expression of the MT1–receptor occurs in hormone dependent and Her2/neu(positive) tumors–medium expression and in triple negative breast Cancer (TNBC) cells–the lowest expression, while in some TNBC–circulating tumor cells MT1 receptor expression has not been detected at all. Conclusions: Hence, based on our the results, we can conclude that Melatonin as the expression of main biochemical marker receptors of bio-rhythms in breast cancer cells, has highly expressed chronobiological nature and directly correlates with histological types of tumor, that provides conditions for the development of new chronotherapeutic strategies in breast cancer treatment.