Wafer-scale single-orientation 2D layers by atomic edge-guided epitaxial growth

We provide a systematic summary of the critical factors—including crystal/substrate symmetry and energy consideration—necessary for synthesizing single-orientation 2D layers.

Defending against Internal Attacks in Healthcare-Based WSNs

In view of the spatiotemporal limitations of traditional healthcare services, the use of wireless communication has become one of the main development directions for the medical system. Compared with the traditional methods, applying the potential and benefits of the wireless sensor networks has more advantages such as low cost, simplicity, and flexible data acquisition. However, due to the limited resources of the individual wireless sensor nodes, traditional security solutions for defending against internal attacks cannot be directly used in healthcare based wireless sensor networks. To address this issue, a negative binomial distribution trust with energy consideration is proposed in this study. The proposed method is lightweight and suitable to be operated on the individual healthcare sensors. Simulations show that it can effectively deal with the internal attacks while taking the energy saving into consideration.

A review of assembly line balancing optimisation with energy consideration using meta-heuristic algorithms

Energy utilisation is one of the global trending issues. Various approaches have been introduced to minimise energy utilisation especially in the manufacturing sector, which is the largest consumer sector. One of the approaches includes the consideration of energy utilisation in the Assembly Line Balancing (ALB) optimisation. This paper reviews the ALB with energy consideration from 2012 to 2020. The selected articles were limited to problems solved using meta-heuristic algorithms. The review mainly focusses on the soft computing aspect such as problem variant, optimisation objectives, energy modelling and optimisation algorithm for ALB with energy consideration. Based on the review, the ALB with energy consideration was able to reduce energy utilisation up to 11.9%. It was found that the contribution in future ALB with energy research will be human-oriented, either social factor consideration in optimisation or energy utilisation modelling for workers. In addition, the effort to introduce an algorithm with efficient performance must be pursued because ALB problems have become more complicated. The findings from this review could assist future researchers to align their research direction with the observed trend. This paper also provides the research gap and research opportunities in the future.

Energy Consideration in the Micro-Extrusion of Aluminum Alloy 6063

This paper investigated key factors influencing energy consumption in the micro-extrusion process. The considered factors were: extrusion ratio (ER), die angle (?), billet length (BL), bearing length (LB), coefficient of friction (COF), and die shift (DS). The finite element simulation was carried out to determine the extrusion energy required to complete one extrusion cycle. The simulation results showed that the increased values of all the considered factors (except the die shift) led to increased extrusion energy. The results also provided percentages of energy variation in steps, which helped evaluate the energy savings with regards to the crucial other production considerations. The percentage increase in energy consumption in the lower ER values was considered higher than those of, the higher ER values. Increasing die angle (?) from 60° to 90° barely affected the consumed energy. The highest increase percentage of extrusion energy was found while increasing billet lengths (BL) from 3.00 mm to 4.00 mm. The lower bearing length (LB) values offered lower consumed energy. The consumed extrusion energy linearly increased with COF. The die shift (DS) did not affect the extrusion energy, but the final part geometry (curved pins). The results and analysis from this study could be used to potential energy savings and overall production costs of the micro-extrusion process.

Lantern: A domain specific language for energy awareness in smart-homes

This paper argues that energy consideration should be central to software development. It speculates that including the notion of energy awareness in programming language design for domain specific languages (DSLs) is a novel way in which energy-aware and energy-efficient applications can be developed. It outlines the design criteria and rationale for using a language-focused approach for energy-awareness. It proposes Lantern, a DSL for supporting energy awareness in Cyber-Physical Systems software development. Lantern allows the development of applications that better manage and reduce the carbon footprint of devices. The design of Lantern is aimed at supporting the general development of Cyber-Physical Systems. This paper focuses on the scenario of smart homes, using statically defined locations within a specified environment.

Investigating the Impact of Energy Source Level on the Self-Guided Vehicle System Performances, in the Industry 4.0 Context

Automated industrial vehicles are taking an imposing place by transforming the industrial operations, and contributing to an efficient in-house transportation of goods. They are expected to bring a variety of benefits towards the Industry 4.0 transition. However, Self-Guided Vehicles (SGVs) are battery-powered, unmanned autonomous vehicles. While the operating durability depends on self-path design, planning energy-efficient paths become crucial. Thus, this paper has no concrete contribution but highlights the lack of energy consideration of SGV-system design in literature by presenting a review of energy-constrained global path planning. Then, an experimental investigation explores the long-term effect of battery level on navigation performance of a single vehicle. This experiment was conducted for several hours, a deviation between the global trajectory and the ground-true path executed by the SGV was observed as the battery depleted. The results show that the mean square error (MSE) increases significantly as the battery’s state-of-charge decreases below a certain value.

Energy Consideration in the Micro-Extrusion of Aluminum Alloy 6063

This paper investigated key factors influencing energy consumption in the micro-extrusion process. The considered factors were: extrusion ratio (ER), die angle (α), billet length (BL), bearing length (LB), coefficient of friction (COF), and die shift (DS). The finite element simulation was carried out to determine the extrusion energy required to complete one extrusion cycle. The simulation results showed that the increased values of all the considered factors (except the die shift) led to increased extrusion energy. The results also provided percentages of energy variation in steps, which helped evaluate the energy savings with regards to the crucial other production considerations. The percentage increase in energy consumption in the lower ER values was considered higher than those of, the higher ER values. Increasing die angle (α) from 60° to 90° barely affected the consumed energy. The highest increase percentage of extrusion energy was found while increasing billet lengths (BL) from 3.00 mm to 4.00 mm. The lower bearing length (LB) values offered lower consumed energy. The consumed extrusion energy linearly increased with COF. The die shift (DS) did not affect the extrusion energy, but the final part geometry (curved pins). The results and analysis from this study could be used to potential energy savings and overall production costs of the micro-extrusion process.