The antioxidant activity of extracts of the mycelium and the culture fluid of medicinal macromycetes of Pholiota (Fr.) P. Kumm. genus

Aim. To determine the value of the antioxidant activity of the biomass and culture fluid extracts of strains of seven species of Pholiota genus: P. adiposa, P. alnicola, P. aurivella, P. limonella, P. nameko, P. squarrosa, P. subochracea, which stored in the Mushroom Culture Collection (IBK) of the M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.Materials and methods. The antioxidant properties of the biomass and culture fluid extracts of strains of Pholiota genus were determined by the method of Elfahri et al. using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). Mycelia of the strains studied were grown by the surface method on a liquid glucose-pepton-yeast medium. The culture fluid was separated from the mycelial biomass by filtration through a capron filter. The absorption of methanol extracts of the culture fluid and the biomass of the strains studied was measured at 517 nm on a SF 46 LOMO spectrophotometer.Results and discussion. Comparing the data obtained we can conclude that the antioxidant effect is significantly higher in the case of methanol biomass extracts – the indicators ranged from 65.98 ± 0.98 % (P. nameko) to 83.6 ± 1.4 % (P. alnicola). As for the culture fluid extracts, the maximum values were recorded in the case of P. limonella (38.3 ± 1.14 %), and the minimum values were observed for P. subochracea (7.37 ± 0.46 %).Conclusions. For the first time, the value and limits of variation in the antioxidant activity of the biomass (65-83 %) and culture fluid extracts (7.4-38 %) have been determined for strains of medicinal fungal species P. adiposa, P. alnicola, P. aurivella, P. limonella, P. nameko, P. squarrosa, P. subochracea.

Influence of polyphenols on the formation of resistance of callus cultures of sunflower plants to the exometabolites of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

When studying the formation of secondary metabolites represented by phenolic compounds in callus cultures of sunflower plants, it was found that in vitro under the influence of a stress factor, the accumulation of polyphenols increases. It was found that the biosynthetic activity of callus cultures in relation to polyphenols increases in proportion to the concentration of the mushroom culture filtrate Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in the nutrient medium.

Qualitative characteristics of the fungus Cyclocybe Aegerita Strains 2229, 2230, 2231 under industrial cultivation conditions

The “poplar” mushroom C. aegerita has fruiting bodies that are attractive for their appearance and tasty properties. It is also known that mushrooms contain unique substances, especially proteins, polysaccharides, and aromatic terpenes with enhanced nutritional and medicinal value. However, the lack of a well-founded technology of cultivation using available agriculture wastes interferes with the domestic market saturation with this mushroom. Three strains of C. aegerita from the IBK mushroom culture collection were investigated on the possibility of introducing them into the industrial culture. The vegetation cycle of strains 2230 and 2231 was found to have a duration of 42 days versus 46-64 days for the previously studied strains. The highest yield was obtained in the study for strain 2231, which yielded from 217 to 220 grams per kilogram of the substrate during three cycles of cultivation. The biological efficiency of the strains as a result of the first fructification flush was from 20,2 (2229) to 60.4 % (2231), which is in agreement with the published data of other investigators. The external appearance was described in detail and parameters of fruiting bodies of strains were analyzed, which differed from each other both by shape and size. Microclimatic conditions for the study, strains 2230 and 2231 had brown caps, whereas the formed fruiting bodies of strain 2229 were distinguished by a pleasing milky cream color. The heaviest fruiting bodies were formed in strain 2229 (7.5±0.4 g), which was an average of 2 g higher than the weight of fungi of other strains studied. The highest fruiting bodies were found in strain 2230 at a height of 91.0±1.8 mm, which also had the widest cap with a 29.5±0.9 mm diameter. The greatest diameter of the stipe, reaching an average of 10.8±0.3 mm, was observed in fruiting bodies of strain 2229. The variability of morphological characters and the tendencies in the number of fruiting bodies of a certain size in the total volume of harvested mushrooms were investigated, which can help in the design of packing and marketing measures.

The contents of ganoderic acids in mycellium of different Ganoderma species (Ganodermataceae) obtained by different methods of cultivation

The effect of different cultivation methods on the content of ganoderic acids of 7 species, 10 strains of the Ganoderma genus (Ganoderma applanatum 1899; Ganoderma сarnosum 2502; Ganoderma lucidum 1904; Ganoderma resinaceum 2477, 2503; Ganoderma sinense 2516; Ganoderma tsugae 1848, 2024, 2566, Ganoderma oregonense 2560) genus fungi from the IBK Mushroom Culture Collection M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was investigated. It has been shown that the submerged cultivation method is more efficient for the accumulation of ganoderic acids for five strains. In the mycelium of the strain G. sinense 2516 was the highest content of ganoderic acids – 25.2 ± 1.5 mg / g. The productivity (yeld) of ganoderic acids synthesis is much higher with using the submerged culture cultivation method for mycelium of all used species and strains since the use of this method provides the accumulation of much more biomass in comparison with the static liquid cultivation method. The highest yield amount of ganoderic acids was in the mycelium of the G. tsugae 2024 and G. tsugae 2566 species, namely: 0.35 ± 0.019 and 0.36 ± 0.028 g / l. It was proved that the modified extraction method significantly reduces the extraction time of ganoderic acids. Extraction time is reduced from 14 to 2 days. For the G. sinense 2516 and G. tsugae 2024 strains was determined content of the ganoderic acids and their yield in dynamics of grows in the submerged culture on 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 day of cultivation. The highest amount of the ganoderic acids content was accumulated by the mycelium of the strain G. sinense 2516 – it was 26.4 ± 1.5 mg / g on the 14th day of cultivation. The highest yield of the ganoderic acids was in G. sinense 2516 on 14th day, and G. tsugae 2024 mycelium on the 16th day of cultivation with the next numbers 0.6 ± 0.031, 0.62 ± 0.033 and 0.62 ± 0.027 g/l.

Vermicompost-enriched Substrate Improves the Production of Milky Mushroom (Calocybe indica)

Aims: We investigated most suitable substrate (wheat and rice straw) enriched with vermicompost and their different levels (10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) for enhancing production of milky mushroom. Study Design: The experiment was designed by following single factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in a mushroom culture house to observe the growth and productivity of highly potential milky mushroom by using different vermicompost enriched substrate during March-October, 2017 Methodology: Based on the different treatment combinations the quantity of substrate and vermicompost on volume basis were used per packet with 5% spawn. Coco dust was used as casing material. After incubation, matured fruiting bodies were harvested and data were recorded on growth and yield parameters. Results: The addition of vermicompost with rice substrates improved the diameter of pelius 32-74%, thickness of pelius 26- 60%, diameter of stipe 24-55% and length of stipe 25 to 95% relative to the unsupplemented substrate. Similarly, vermicompost supplementation with wheat straw substrates increased the diameter of pelius 27-71%, thickness of pelius 11- 40%, diameter of stipes 21-56% and length of stipe 17- 72% relative to the unsupplemented substrate at any harvest. Supplementation of vermicompost reduced the duration for spawn run 11-55% in wheat straw and 11- 49% in rice straw compared with non-supplemented one. Furthermore, pin head initiation became quicker 26- 66% in wheat straw and 15- 61% in rice straw. In addition, total number of fruiting body increased from 6- 82% in wheat straw supplemented with different doses of vermicompost, while rice straw increased total number of fruiting body ranged from 17- 39% compared to unsupplemented one. The addition of 10%, 25%, 50% and 75% levels of vermicompost with wheat straw increased the fresh yield of C. indica by 23%, 54%, 121% and 73%, respectively compared to wheat straw alone; however, similar levels of vermicompost with rice straw increased the fresh yield of C. indica by 31% , 63%, 112% and 87%, respectively compared to rice straw alone. The biological efficiency of C. indica also did exhibit significant differences ranged between 65-160% among different levels of vermicompost supplementation with rice and wheat straw substrates. Conclusion: The result revealed that increasing the vermicompost level lead to a less biological efficiency and yield, but it remains higher than the control (straw alone). It is additionally conceivable that the application of vermicompost to substrates with lower levels would provide an even better yield, without adversely affecting the bioefficiency of the harvested mushrooms. These judges, however, need more work to validate reliability.

Pennisetum sinese: A Potential Phytoremediation Plant for Chromium Deletion from Soil

Chromium is one of the major pollutants in water and soil. Thus, it is urgent to develop a new method for chromium removal from the environment. Phytoremediation is a promising approach for heavy metal pollution recovery. As a perennial giant grass with a fast growth rate, Pennisetum sinese has been widely used as livestock feed, mushroom culture medium and biomass energy raw material. Interestingly, we have found a high adsorption capacity of P. sinese for chromium. P. sinese was treated with different concentrations of chromium for 15 days. Results showed that P. sinese plantlets grew well under low concentrations (less than 500 μM) of chromium (VI). The plantlet growth was inhibited when treated with high concentrations of chromium (more than 1000 μM). Up to 150.99 and 979.03 mg·kg−1 DW of chromium accumulated in the aerial part and root, respectively, under a treatment of 2000 μM Cr. The bioaccumulation factor (BCF) of P. sinese varied from 10.87 to 17.56, and reached a maximum value at the concentration of 500 μM. The results indicated that P. sinese showed strong tolerance and high accumulation capability under Cr stress. Therefore, the chromium removal potential of P. sinese has a great application prospect in phytoremediation.

Sustainability Assessment of a Qingyuan Mushroom Culture System Based on Emergy

The Qingyuan mushroom culture system (QMCS) in Zhejiang Province has been recognized as the source of the world’s first artificial cultivation of mushrooms with a history of more than 800 years. The system embodies the farming wisdom of the local people who have adapted themselves to and utilized nature and has integrated the traditional bark hacking method with multiple modern patterns for mushroom cultivation based on artificial microbial strains. We have investigated the input–output operation of farmers and assessed and analyzed emergy indicators in a bid to reflect and compare their economic and ecological benefits, as well as their sustainable development by analyzing the three typical mushroom cultivation patterns. The cost-benefit analysis of the three patterns shows that the sawdust medium-cultivated method (SMCM) is characterized by dominance in both net income without labor cost and labor productivity; while the evaluation based on emergy indicators has proven that each has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of ecological and economic benefits and sustainable development. Among them, the bark hacking method (BHM) features the highest utilization rates of local and renewable resources, the smallest damage to the environment, the lowest production efficiency, and the highest exchange efficiency, but the sawdust medium-cultivated method is just the opposite, and the log-cultivated method (LCM) is the most favorable one for sustainable development. As its agricultural heritage, the QMCS’ core of dynamic protection and adaptive management lies in enhancing the sustainable development of its agricultural production methods. It is recommended that the three patterns be improved by targeting their respective shortcomings and at the same time, integrate their advantages to explore a new sustainable development pattern for mushroom cultivation.

Giving Effect Trichoderma sp. In Tomato Plant To Production Factors

Research on the effect of Trichoderma sp. In tomato plants on the factors of production is a study carried out for 4 months starting from June to October 2017. The research was carried out at the Green House of the Faculty of Agriculture, Mulawarman University, Samarinda.This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with each treatment repeated 3 times. The treatment is Po: Without Trichoderma sp. / Control treatment; P1: 25 g culture of Trichoderma sp. per polybag; P2: 30 g of mushroom culture Trichoderma sp. per polybag; P3: 35 g of mushroom culture Trichoderma sp. Per polybag; and P4: 40 g culture of Trichoderma sp. per polybag As the second factor, tomato varieties include V1: Lentana; V2: Permata and V3: Ratna. The data observed included the number of planting fruit (calculated from the first harvest to the last harvest for each crop); Average diameter of planting fruit and. The average weight of fresh fruit plantations.The results showed that the dose of 40g Trichoderma sp. most effective in controlling F. oxysporum wilt disease on tomato plants, which can increase tomato crop production by 293.48 g. Variety treatment was not significantly different from all treatments. So that there is no interaction between Trichoderma sp. and tomato varieties.