Alternative approach to international comparisons

According to the authors point of view, absence of the accepted by metrological society software based on simple and understandable and at the same time flexible and multipurpose mathematical apparatus is one of the restrictions on the way to arrangement of international comprehensive comparisons with expanded group of participants (hereinafter — comprehensive comparisons). General methodology of measurements adjustment by the least square method (LSM) may be used for this mathematical apparatus. Software named «Metrology Network» is defined. It was used for repeated processing of measurement results during the key comparisons of EURAMET.L-K1.2011 «Measurement of gage blocks by interferometer». «Metrology Network» software allowed to estimate simply and quickly systematic measurement error components of the gage blocks length measurement by each laboratory. They are called multiplicative and additive measurement standards degrees of equivalence. «Metrology Network» allowed to estimate strictly by LSM the uncertainties of length measurement. Additive degrees of equivalence are considered substantial and constant characteristics of the measurement standards for many laboratories. Thus, they coincide for steel and ceramic gage blocks. These additive degrees of equivalence may be used as corrections in the process of calibration or as the reference values for further comparisons. The simulation of measurement results for international comprehensive comparisons with complicated structure was provided. For 120 laboratories divided into 12 groups, totally 2442 length measurements of the steel or ceramic gage blocks were provided. They form together 24 sets of 8 gage blocks and provide 24 loops of comparisons. Necessity to provide the adjustment by the least square method is caused by the fact that two subgroups from each group of three laboratories took part in two different related loops of comparison. As a conclusion, «Metrology Network» software easily managed this complicated task of adjustment. It allowed us to calculate each of 120 measurement standards additive degree of equivalence relative to the averaged zero for all measurement standards and multiplicative degree of equivalence relative to the averaged measurement unit.

Translation of Moroccan Paremias Into French: Equivalence Between Paremias Starting With « lli » in Moroccan Arabic and « qui » in French

The purpose of this study is to search for equivalences between the paremias in Moroccan Arabic and French. Our study is based on a corpus of Moroccan and French paremias belonging to the same class: Moroccan paremias starting with “lli” and French paremias starting with “qui” (which is the French equivalent of “lli”).The corpus was drawn mainly from works identifying phraseological units, audio recordings of spontaneous conversations of speakers of Moroccan Arabic and notes taken while listening to conversations in different contexts. After the morpho-phonological transcription of the corpus, we proceeded to the analysis of the phraseologies in order to: (i) highlight the convergences and divergences between paremiological phraseology in Moroccan Arabic and French, and their degrees of equivalence, and (ii) check the existence of paremiological universals by studying the equivalences between two different languages.

The measurements results adjustment by the Least Square Method

The method for processing of the measurement results obtained from Comite International des Poids et Measures (CIPM) Key, Regional Metrology Organizations (RMO) or supplementary comparisons, from the proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparisons and the calibrations is proposed. It is named by authors as adjustment by least square method (LSM). Additive and multiplicative parameters for each measuring standard of every particular laboratory will be the results of this adjustment. As well as the parameters for each artifact. The parameters of the measurements standards are their additive and multiplicative degrees of equivalence from the comparison and the estimations of the systematic errors (biases) from calibrations. The parameters of the artifacts are the key comparisons reference value from the comparison and the assigned quantity values from the calibrations. The adjustment is considered as a way to solving a problem of processing the great amount of homogeneous measurements with many measuring standards at a different comparison levels (CIPM, RMO or supplementary), including connected problems. Four different cases of the adjustments are considered. The first one is a free case of adjustment. It was named so because of the fact that none of participants has any advantage except their uncertainties of measurements. The second one is a fixed case of adjustment. Measuring results of RMO and supplementary comparisons are rigidly linked to additive and multiplicative parameters of measuring standards of particular laboratories participated in CIPM key comparisons. The third one is a case of adjustment with dependent equations. This one is not so rigidly linked of the new comparisons results to previous or to some other comparisons as for fixed case. It means that the new results of comparisons are influenced by the known additive and multiplicative parameters and vice versa. The fourth one is a free case of adjustment with additional summary equations. In that case certain checking equations are added to the system of equations. So, the sum of parameters multiplied by their weights of all measurement standards for particular laboratories participated in comparisons should be equal to zero.

Decision Tree for Key Comparisons

This contribution describes a Decision Tree intended to guide the selection of statistical models and data reduction procedures in key comparisons (KCs). The Decision Tree addresses a specific need of the Inorganic Analysis Working Group (IAWG) of the Consultative Committee (CC) for Amount of Substance, Metrology in Chemistry and Biology (CCQM), of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM), and it is likely to address similar needs of other working groups and consultative committees. Because the portfolio of KCs previously organized by the CCQM-IAWG affords a full range of opportunities to demonstrate the capabilities of the Decision Tree, the majority of the illustrative examples of application of the Decision Tree are from this working group. However, the Decision Tree is widely applicable in other areas of metrology, as illustrated in examples of application to measurements of radionuclides and of the efficiency of a thermistor power sensor. The Decision Tree is intended for use after choices will have been made about the measurement results that qualify for inclusion in the calculation of the key comparison reference value (KCRV), and about the measurement results for which degrees of equivalence should be produced. Both these choices should be based on substantive considerations, not on purely statistical criteria. However, the Decision Tree does not require that the measurement results selected for either purpose be mutually consistent. The Decision Tree should be used as a guide, not as the sole and autonomous determinant of the model that should be selected for the measurement results obtained in a KC, or of the procedure that should be employed to reduce these results. The scientists running the KCs ultimately have the freedom and responsibility to make the corresponding choices that they deem most appropriate and that best fit the purpose of each KC. The Decision Tree involves three statistical tests, and comprises five terminal leaves, which correspond to as many alternative ways in which the KCRV, its associated uncertainty, and the degrees of equivalence (DoEs) may be computed. This contribution does not purport to suggest that any of the KCRVs, associated uncertainties, or DoEs, presented in previously approved final reports issued by working groups of the CCs should be modified. Neither do the alternative results question existing, demonstrated calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs), nor do they support any new CMCs.

Characteristics improvement of pressure transfer standard using a silicon resonant sensor

<p>In the field of pressure measurement, numerous interlaboratory comparisons are carried out among National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) using a pressure transfer standard to verify the degrees of equivalence. Here, the Yokogawa electric corporation has been producing a series of digital manometers using a silicon resonant sensor developed independently. This sensor demonstrates excellent long-term stability and has thus been adopted as the pressure transfer standard by many NMIs and has been subsequently well received. The pressure transfer standard is known as the resonant silicon gauge (RSG) among NMIs. From December 2016, the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), the Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) institute, and Yokogawa initiated a collaborative research with the aim of improving the characteristics of the RSGs and developing a portable transfer standard using a new silicon resonant sensor. The new RSG was adjusted using a standard device calibrated by either NMIJ or Yokogawa. The measurement values of the standard device were corrected with the calibration results and used as the standard values for adjustment of the new RSG. The linearity of the new RSG adjusted via the proposed method was improved compared with that of a conventional RSG.</p>

Update of the BIPM comparison BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Gd-153 of activity measurements of the radionuclide 153Gd to include the 2020 result of the NIST (United States)

Main text Since 1988, 3 laboratories have submitted 5 samples of 153Gd to the International Reference System (SIR) for activity comparison at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), with comparison identifier BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Gd-153. Recently, the NIST (United States) participated in the comparison and the key comparison reference value (KCRV) has been updated. The degrees of equivalence between each equivalent activity measured in the SIR and the updated KCRV have been calculated and the results are given in the form of a table. A graphical presentation is also given. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

Key comparison BIPM.RI(I)-K7 of the air-kerma standards of the NMIJ, Japan and the BIPM in mammography x-rays

Main text A new key comparison has been made between the air-kerma standards of the NMIJ and the BIPM in mammography x ray beams. The results show the standards to be in agreement at the level of the expanded uncertainty of 7.2 parts in 103. The results are analysed and presented in terms of degrees of equivalence for entry in the BIPM key comparison database. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

Construction as basic translation unit: A case of referring to blind people in English and Ukrainian

The research focuses on the variations in the degrees of equivalence manifested in English and Ukrainian constructions referring to blind people. In this study, patterns consisting of two or more words referring to people with decreasing ability to see, all forms sight impairment are termed blindness-constructions. The results show that in translating from English into Ukrainian blindness-constructions reveal varying degrees of equivalence: from exact correspondence in case of immediate constructions to some sort of constructional mismatch in extended patterns. High degree of equivalence with the immediate blindness-constructions is explained by their fixed form: they include combinations of words with the nouns impairment, sight / vision and the adjective blind describing stable attributes without reference to any specific situation. The modified English blindness-constructions rarely have equivalents readily available in Ukrainian, since their modifying elements broaden or narrow the meaning of immediate constructions restricting their usage to particular contexts in source and target languages. The extended blindness-constructions exhibit a mismatch across the languages. These constructions are made up of two immediate or modified ones and represent the generalized models of situations where translators, forced by the non-existence of identical patterns, have to resort to various strategies.

EQUIVALENCE IN NEWS HEADLINESTRANSLATION: ENGLISH HEADLINES RENDERED INTO BAHASA INDONESIA IN BBC WEB NEWS

Equivalence is the leading subject in translation studies; hence, a wide range of hypotheses on equivalence have been discussed in detail within this field translation over the recent decades. Equivalence in translation is influenced by many different factors, i.e., parts of importance among words and articulations, language structure and participants in various communicative circumstances, semantics, pragmatics, etc. The concept of equivalence with the focus on equivalence degrees is provided; the overview and characterization of the main features, as well as specifics of translation of media language (headlines in particular), are presented in the article as well. The paper focuses on the equivalence in the translation of headlines of on-line news articles since headlines are considered as crucial and the most important part of news articles. The translation of news headlines across certain journalistic cultures, specifically focusing on headlines translated from English into Bahasa Indonesia. Headlines are an extraordinary type of text, which are considered a separate genre on their own. Since a headline is an entrance to the news details, journalists have to utilize different techniques to make the headline concise, effective, and eye-catching to the reader. 40 English headlines and their Indonesian translations have been selected for the analysis which is performed according to the degrees of equivalence: optimum translation, partial equivalence, zero equivalence. Partial equivalence is divided into two narrower subtypes which are: near-optimum and weak translation. The results show that over some translation procedures have been implemented in rendering headlines.

Strategies Used to Translate Idiomatic Expressions in 'A Walk to Remember' into Indonesian and The Resulted Equivalence

This study is conducted to analyze the translation strategies used to translate the idiomatic expressions in the novel “A Walk to Remember” into Indonesian, to analyze the degree of equivalence of the Indonesian translation, and to find out the relation between the strategy used and the degree of equivalence. The translation strategies used in this study are proposed by Baker while the degrees of equivalence are analyzed by using Bell’s theory. This research belongs to descriptive research using qualitative method to describe the objectives of this study. The data are analyzed by comparing the idioms in the English version to the Indonesian translation. After the data are identified, they are examined to find out the relation between the strategies used and the degree of equivalence. The findings of the analysis are: (1) four strategies were used to translate idioms in the novel A Walk to Remember into Indonesian, (2) in terms of degree of equivalence, it was found that most of the data were identified into fully equivalent translation, (3) in the relation between translation strategies used and the degree of equivalence, it was revealed that the translation strategies used mostly produce fully equivalent with complete meaning. Keywords: a walk to remember, degree of meaning equivalance, idioms translation strategies