scholarly journals Construction as basic translation unit: A case of referring to blind people in English and Ukrainian

2021 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 03003
Author(s):  
Iryna Danylchenko ◽  
Yana Zhovinsky
Keyword(s):  
Specific Situation ◽  
Blind People ◽  
Degree Of Equivalence ◽  
Degrees Of Equivalence ◽  
Target Languages ◽  
High Degree

The research focuses on the variations in the degrees of equivalence manifested in English and Ukrainian constructions referring to blind people. In this study, patterns consisting of two or more words referring to people with decreasing ability to see, all forms sight impairment are termed blindness-constructions. The results show that in translating from English into Ukrainian blindness-constructions reveal varying degrees of equivalence: from exact correspondence in case of immediate constructions to some sort of constructional mismatch in extended patterns. High degree of equivalence with the immediate blindness-constructions is explained by their fixed form: they include combinations of words with the nouns impairment, sight / vision and the adjective blind describing stable attributes without reference to any specific situation. The modified English blindness-constructions rarely have equivalents readily available in Ukrainian, since their modifying elements broaden or narrow the meaning of immediate constructions restricting their usage to particular contexts in source and target languages. The extended blindness-constructions exhibit a mismatch across the languages. These constructions are made up of two immediate or modified ones and represent the generalized models of situations where translators, forced by the non-existence of identical patterns, have to resort to various strategies.

Optimizing Compliance Cost for Coal-Fired Electric Generating Facilities in a Multipollutant Control Environment

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Staudt
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Control ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Compliance Cost ◽  
Market Pricing ◽  
Derivative Instruments ◽  
Natural Gas Prices ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Plant Capacity

Higher natural gas prices have increased the importance of coal-fired generation at a time when environmental uncertainty is raising the risks of operating coal-fired units. The likely need for increased investment in environmental control technologies comes at a time when many electricity generators are under great financial stress. This combination of forces makes a structured and comprehensive approach to assessing compliance strategies essential to managing generating assets. The approach needs to incorporate the high degree of uncertainty that can be otherwise buried in key assumptions, such as regulatory requirements, market pricing of allowances, plant capacity factor, wholesale electric prices, etc. The approach should also facilitate testing of assumptions under a range of scenarios to allow for flexibility in possible compliance strategies. In this paper an approach for evaluating compliance risks and quantifying the potential costs under various scenarios will be described. The approach integrates market-based compliance mechanisms with capital improvements in control technology while providing methods to address the uncertainty of key assumptions. The approach facilitates optimizing the balance between market-based and technology-based compliance approaches so that the environmental compliance risk profile can be tailored to the specific situation. A unique feature of this approach is that it incorporates the effects of the market risk associated with emissions markets along with market derivative instruments designed to manage risk, while also incorporating comprehensive technology analysis so that costs and risks can be well quantified under any regulatory scenario. The approach lends itself to active scenario review to facilitate flexibility in decision making while avoiding premature commitments.

scholarly journals ISSUES IN TRANSLATION OF BALINESE CULTURAL TERMS INTO ENGLISH

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Kadek Putri Yamayanti
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Componential Analysis ◽  
Translation Equivalent ◽  
Degree Of Equivalence ◽  
Cultural Terms ◽  
Binary Features ◽  
Target Languages ◽  
Basic Semantic

This descriptive qualitative study investigates translation equivalent of Balinese cultural terms into English. It is based on the understanding that cultural terms belong to salient part in dealing with translation due to the cultural gap between source and target languages. Therefore, this study is conducted in order to find out the degree of equivalence between Balinese cultural terms and their translations into English in the book entitled Memahami Roh Bali �Desa Adat sebagai Ikon Tri Hita Karana� and its translation in Discovering the Spirit of Bali �Customary Village as Icon of Tri Hita Karana�. In finding the degree of equivalence, componential analysis especially the binary features was applied in terms of confirming the semantic features. The result showed that all translated cultural terms have no exact synonymy into source language. Some semantic features do not occur in target language as a result of lack terms in target language. The translator tends to replace cultural terms in source language into appropriate terms in target language based on his knowledge and experiences even in some cases, it shows the loss and gain information. However, overall, those translated cultural terms still can share some basic semantic features of the source language.Keywords: cultural term; semantic features; equivalence.

scholarly journals Strategies Used to Translate Idiomatic Expressions in 'A Walk to Remember' into Indonesian and The Resulted Equivalence

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Wayan Angguntur ◽  
Rudi Hartono ◽  
Bambang Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
The Novel ◽  
English Version ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Degree Of Equivalence ◽  
Idiomatic Expressions ◽  
Degrees Of Equivalence

This study is conducted to analyze the translation strategies used to translate the idiomatic expressions in the novel “A Walk to Remember” into Indonesian, to analyze the degree of equivalence of the Indonesian translation, and to find out the relation between the strategy used and the degree of equivalence. The translation strategies used in this study are proposed by Baker while the degrees of equivalence are analyzed by using Bell’s theory. This research belongs to descriptive research using qualitative method to describe the objectives of this study. The data are analyzed by comparing the idioms in the English version to the Indonesian translation. After the data are identified, they are examined to find out the relation between the strategies used and the degree of equivalence. The findings of the analysis are: (1) four strategies were used to translate idioms in the novel A Walk to Remember into Indonesian, (2) in terms of degree of equivalence, it was found that most of the data were identified into fully equivalent translation, (3) in the relation between translation strategies used and the degree of equivalence, it was revealed that the translation strategies used mostly produce fully equivalent with complete meaning. Keywords: a walk to remember, degree of meaning equivalance, idioms translation strategies

Öffentliche Haushalte in Ost- und Westdeutschland nach 30 Jahren – Vergleichende Bestandsaufnahme aus finanzwissenschaftlicher Perspektive

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 395-416
Author(s):  
Mario Hesse ◽  
Thomas Lenk ◽  
Philipp Glinka
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
East Germany ◽  
West Germany ◽  
German Unification ◽  
Fiscal Equalization ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
30Th Anniversary ◽  
Degree Of Equivalence ◽  
East And West ◽  
High Degree

Zusammenfassung Das 30-jährige Jubiläum der Deutschen Einheit gibt Anlass zu einer Erfolgsanalyse. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht verschiedene Aspekte der Angleichung zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland aus einer finanzwissenschaftlichen Perspektive. Der Fokus liegt auf der Entwicklung der Länder- und kommunalen Haushalte. Einnahmenseitig haben sich das System des bundesstaatlichen Finanzausgleichs in Verbindung mit den Solidarpakten I und II sowie die kommunalen Finanzausgleichssysteme als besonders leistungsfähige Mechanismen erwiesen, um ein hohes Maß an Gleichwertigkeit zu erreichen. Zugleich sind die ostdeutschen Länder bis an den aktuellen Rand und voraussichtlich auch künftig auf hohe Finanzausgleichsmittel angewiesen, um ihre öffentlichen Aufgaben angemessen erfüllen zu können. Darüber hinaus beleuchtet der Beitrag die Entwicklung der Ausgaben- und der Verschuldungsniveaus Ost- und Westdeutschlands. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass die deutsche Teilung weiterhin nicht vollständig überwunden ist. Abstract: Public Budgets in East and West Germany After 30 Years – Stocktaking and Success Analysis From A Perspective of Public Finance The 30th anniversary of German unification gives cause for a success analysis. This article examines various aspects of the alignment between East and West Germany from a perspective of public finance. The focus is on the development of state and municipal budgets. On the revenue side, the system of federal fiscal equalization in conjunction with the Solidarity Pacts I and II and the municipal fiscal equalization systems have proven to be particularly effective mechanisms for achieving a high degree of equivalence. At the same time, East Germany is, and will probably continue to be, dependent on high levels of fiscal equalisation in order to adequately fulfil their public tasks. In addition, the article examines the development of expenditure and debt levels in East and West Germany. Overall, it shows that the division of Germany is still not completely finished.

scholarly journals LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION OF THE SOCIO-POLITICAL VOCABULARY

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-158
Keyword(s):  
Digital Literacy ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Subject Knowledge ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Target Languages ◽  
Problems Of Translation

Socio-political discourse is a text that describes socio-political events and includes extralinguistic, pragmatic, socio-cultural and other factors. The informative, influencing and manipulative functions of this discourse are implemented through variety of language tools that are fixed in the language and that are created by subjects to describe each specific situation. Several problems, such as linguistic, textual, extralinguistic issues, problems related to the ethical, political and cultural components of the original text and translation, the expression of the author's intention, and many other problems may arise in the process of socio-political translation . Some of them can appear because of underestimating both the lexical and cultural differences between the source language and the translated one by a translator/interpreter. The translator of a socio-political text must have language skills, subject knowledge, research skills, critical thinking, know the political situation in both the source and target languages, perform a communicative and ideological function in sociopolitical translation, have document competence, competencies related to the development of translation strategies, and digital literacy. The current article presents an analysis of lexical units that reflect the linguistic and cultural characteristics in the source language and present the greatest difficulty in translation. Linguistic and cultural problems of translation are associated with culturally specific features that exist in the source language. The solution of translation problems of a linguocultural nature is provided by correct perception of the received information, identification of linguoculturals in the original text and subsequent presentation of the main content without significant loss of information, or with a slight expansion of the translation text.

scholarly journals FRANCUSKI FRAZEOLOGIZMI SA LEKSEMOM „DIEU“ („BOG“) I NjIHOVI SRPSKI EKVIVALENTI

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (49) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Milica Mihajlović
Keyword(s):  
Native Languages ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Degree Of Equivalence ◽  
Degree Of Coherence ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Degree

This paper describes the similarities and differences between French phraseologisms with lexeme Dieu and their Serbian equivalents. Using the method of contrastive analysishas, it’s determined the degree of equivalence between phraseologisms at the morphosyntactic, lexical and semantic level. The phraseological sample is classified into three categories: phraseological which show complete, partial and zero equivalence. The results of the analysis showed a high level of correspondence between two languages, whether it is complete or partial, since the term is labeled with a selected universal lexemeal and is present in both cultures. The results of the analysis showed a high degree of coherence between two languages. Since contrast is done between two non-native languages, no more complete matches have been registered.

An Exploratory Study of the Lifestyles of Congenitally Blind Adults

1983 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 476-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Resnick
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Blind People ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Congenitally Blind ◽  
Blind Persons ◽  
High Degree

Self-report of 74 congenitally blind persons explores self-concept and degree of integration into the sighted community. The majority of the subjects revealed a predominantly positive self-image and a high degree of independence. Although the sample does not represent a cross-section of the blind population, it does disclose thoughts, feelings, and life experiences of blind people.

scholarly journals Agenda and media pluralism in Al Rojo Vivo and Las Mañanas de Cuatro

2019 ◽  
pp. 113-137
Author(s):  
Noel Bandera López
Keyword(s):  
Agenda Setting ◽  
Degree Of Equivalence ◽  
Media Pluralism ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Source Of Information

Even with the rise of digital and hybrid communication, television continues to be the main source of information in Spain. A sample of 50 broadcasts was taken (25 from “Al Rojo Vivo“ and 25 from “Las Mañanas de Cuatro“) to register who participates in them, under what conditions and what issues are discussed. A high degree of equivalence in terms of agenda setting and an extremely low inclusion of women is observed. The Catalan independence process monopolised attention. The methodology includes quantification of the counter-arguments received by the participants, showing a clear disadvantage for Catalonian sovereignist and leftist standpoints (despite being the two channels most identified with the left in the survey used as a reference).

scholarly journals Perceptual images in camp prose and its English translation

2020 ◽  
pp. 293-307
Author(s):  
E. G. Basalaeva ◽  
◽  
N. V. Nosenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Degree Of Equivalence ◽  
Translation Analysis ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Special Atmosphere ◽  
Linguistic Means

The paper focuses on the key images of perception of the novel “Krutoy marshrut” by E. Ginzburg and its English translation “Journey into the Whirlwind” by P. Stevenson and M. Hayward. It is noted that one important way to describe the special atmosphere in the so-called “camp prose” is the perceptual vocabulary, a means of depicting impressions and relat-ed experiences. The leading channels of perception, actualized in the Ginzburg’s work, are auditory and olfactory. Sounds and smells receive the additional semantic load in the text. They act as markers of the borderline of prison’s and “worldly” spaces, signals of changes in the heroine’s physical or emotional state (they are often precursors of violence), a source of important information (most often it is knocking), a means of updating the mode of memories (the smells are mainly used for this purpose). The linguistic means of expressing perceptual images is the hearing and smell vocabulary (loud and tiny sounds, knock, roar, clang, screech, scream, ringing, silence, etc.; stink, smell, fragrance, etc.) and detailed metaphors (zoomorphic, natural, musical), often based on the syncretism of perception (sound, smell, vi-sion). The English translation analysis indicates a rather high degree of equivalence in the perceptual imagery transmission, with replacement or transformation of the most important images not excluded. The study showed interpreting and transmitting the author’s metaphors and syncretic (audio-olfactory and visual-audio) images to be the most difficult for transla-tion. The transformations used by the translators are necessary for the English-speaking read-er’s understanding of the complex perceptual images of the confessional novel.

scholarly journals Somatisms with the Lexemes Láb in Hungarian, Noga in Serbian, and Leg/Foot in English

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Sabina Halupka-Rešetar ◽  
Edit Andrić
Keyword(s):  
Body Part ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Degree Of Equivalence ◽  
Idiomatic Expression ◽  
Degrees Of Equivalence ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Way

Abstract Somatisms are phraseologisms which contain at least one body-part term as a constituent. They make up a considerable part of the phrasemes of any language. In this paper, we focus on the extent to which the equivalent(s) of the term láb occur(s) in Serbian and English somatisms. The research is based on a corpus extracted from both monolingual and bilingual phraseological dictionaries of Hungarian, Serbian, and English. The data are analysed primarily from a cognitive point of view, with the aim of establishing whether the three languages are comparable in terms of the meaning of the idiom as a whole. Degrees of equivalence are established based on whether there is an idiomatic expression in Serbian/English containing the lexeme noga or leg/foot, respectively. Another issue addressed in the paper is the choice of the English term (leg vs foot) in somatisms and the question of whether this choice is arbitrary. Though structure is of secondary importance only, we also take it into account in establishing the degree of equivalence between the items listed in the corpus. Lastly, we stress the similarities and differences noted in the way the body-part terms mentioned are employed in the phraseologisms of the three languages.

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