VIABILIDADE DA FERTIRRIGAÇÃO POR PIVÔ CENTRAL COM USO DE EFLUENTES TRATADOS EM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade econômica do uso de esgotos sanitários, tratados com diferentes níveis de eficiência, para fertirrigação por pivô central em cultivos de algodão e soja. O estudo foi desenvolvido por meio da simulação e comparação de dois projetos de tratamento de esgoto sanitário a serem instalados na cidade de Correntina (BA). Para os cálculos de viabilidade, utilizou-se a planilha eletrônica AmazonSaf. Foram propostos dois cenários para o tratamento de esgoto para posterior fertirrigação: cenário A (pré-tratamento seguido de lagoa anaeróbia) e cenário B (pré-tratamento seguido de sistema australiano de lagoas e polimento com a ecotecnologia dos wetlands). Observou-se que os custos totais foram maiores no cenário B, devido ao aumento no investimento com o tratamento via wetland. O aumento direto foi de 0,82%, com um período de retorno do investimento de 8,7 anos. Há viabilidade econômica em reutilizar o efluente sanitário tratado do município de Correntina para irrigação de algodão e soja, independentemente do sistema de tratamento a ser adotado, embora a complementação do processo com a instalação do sistema de wetland se faça vantajosa do ponto de vista econômico, ambiental e social. Palavras-chave: análise financeira; economia circular; fertirrigação; reuso; sustentabilidade. Feasibility of central pivot fertirrigation with the use of effluents treated at different levels ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to verify the economic viability of using sanitary sewage, treated with different levels of efficiency, for central pivot fertigation in cotton and soybean crops. The study was developed through the simulation and comparison of two sanitary sewage treatment projects to be installed in the city of Correntina (BA). For feasibility calculations, the AmazonSaf spreadsheet was used. Two scenarios were proposed for the treatment of sewage for subsequent fertigation: scenario A (pre-treatment followed by anaerobic lagoon) and scenario B (pre-treatment followed by Australian pond system and polishing with wetland ecotechnology). It was observed that the total costs were higher in scenario B, due to the increase in investment with wetland treatment. The direct increase was 0.82%, with a payback period of 8.7 years. There is economic viability in reusing the treated sanitary effluent from the municipality of Correntina for irrigation of cotton and soy, regardless of the treatment system to be adopted, although complementing the process with the installation of the wetland system is advantageous from an economic point of view, environmental and social. Keywords: financial analysis; circular economy; fertigation; reuse; sustainability.

Process Optimisation of Anaerobic Digestion Treating High-Strength Wastewater in the Australian Red Meat Processing Industry

This work represents and reviews a compilation of investigations into improving anaerobic digestion performance of high-strength wastewater in the Australian Red Meat Processing industry. The industry produces significant quantities of organic-rich wastewater which requires treatment prior to release to the environment. Anaerobic lagoons are a cost-effective method of waste treatment where land availability is not an issue; however, the high fat load in the wastewater can negatively impact the anaerobic lagoon system and result in compromised anaerobic digestion performance. This paper will discuss the importance of upstream primary pre-treatment and review a series of investigations focused on optimising digester performance and improving fat biodegradability. These studies include: 1. the effect of temperature and mixing; 2. the influence of feedstock trace element composition and supplementation, and; 3. the potential benefit from pre-treatments such as chemical, thermobaric, thermochemical and bio-surfactant. This paper discusses the implications of these findings for covered anaerobic lagoon operation and provides recommendations to promote optimum digester performance and future opportunities in adopting alternate anaerobic digestion technology options. Finally, the paper provides recent trends toward the use of other waste streams for co-digestion and discusses this in terms of digester optimization and technology options.

Ammonia Emissions from Differing Manure Storage Facilities at Two Midwestern Free-Stall Dairies

Dairies contribute a major portion of agricultural ammonia emissions in the United States. Emissions were monitored over two years from an anaerobic lagoon receiving manure from cows in the milking parlor and holding area in Indiana (IN), USA and a storage basin receiving manure from cows in barns as well as the milking parlor and holding area in Wisconsin (WI), USA. Emissions were monitored using open-path tunable diode lasers, sonic anemometers, and two emission models. The mean annual daily emissions at the WI storage basins (30 µg m−2 s−1) was nearly equal to that at the IN lagoon (27 µg m−2 s−1). The mean annual daily ammonia (NH3) emissions on a per animal basis were greater at the WI basins (33 g NH3 hd−1 d−1; 26 g NH3 AU−1 d−1) (hd = animal; AU = 500 kg animal mass) than at the IN lagoon (9 g NH3 hd−1 d−1; 7 g NH3 AU−1 d−1). Emissions from both storage systems were highest in the summer, lowest in the winter, and similar during the spring and fall. Emissions were strongly correlated with air temperature and weakly correlated with wind conditions. Greater emissions at the WI basins appeared to be related primarily to the characteristics of the stored manure.

Evaluasi PLT Biogas Terantam Covered Lagoon (CAL) 700 Kw Untuk Pengembangan PLT Biogas Tipe CSTR

Production of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is increasing from year to year and is predicted to reach 41.6 million tons per year in 2018. Each ton of CPO will produce 3,28 m3 of POME during the production process. Improper handling of POME, besides causing soil pollution and flying, will release methane gas that categorized as GHG. BPPT cooperate  with PTPN V utilized POME to produce biogas and then be converted into electricity in a Biogas Power Plant (PLTBg) in Terantam with a design capacity of 700 kW. The reactor used is a closed Anaerobic Lagoon (CAL) reactor equipped with a recirculation pump. From the evaluations, the technology chosen was not optimal from the operation, its evaluaed from the accumulation of cakes and sludge collected in the reactor which could be disturb during an anaerobic reaction. The next technology development will be carried out with the development of PLTBg in Sei Pagar using CSTR technology. At the same reactor capacity, CSTR has a faster HRT compared to CAL. CSTR is also easier in control of pH and temperature, also requires less land.Keyword : POME, Biogas, CSTR, Covered Lagoon, HRT, OLR

Hybrid Upflow-Anaerobic Filter (HU-AF) Integrated technology for bio-methane generation from vinasse with shorter hydraulic retention time

Research about Hybrid Upflow-Anaerobic Filter (HU-AF) integrated technology for bioenergy generation from vinasse was conducted. Modification of influent flow system, expansion of filter contact area and addition of gas accumulator for biogas collection were used to enhance the degree of vinasse biodegradation biogas generation, and yet to shorten the hydraulic retention time (HRT). Hybrid Upflow-Anaerobic Filter (HU-AF) integrated technology was a double dome reactor with sequential connection, with up-flow inlet distribution inside the reactor. Total volume of HU-AF was 60 m3. A mixing and a feeding chamber, with volume 3 m3, each were installed before HU-AF reactor. A reservoir chamber with volume of 6 m3 was added after HU-AF reactor. OLR was 2.04 kg COD/day. A methanogenic seed sludge derived from anaerobic lagoon. The experiment was carried out initially by seeding, acclimatization and adaptation of microorganisms inside the reactor. A feeding ratio of vinasse: water = 1:4, and initial pH of 6 were adjusted. Result showed that Full-scale HU-AF integrated technology was able to degrade COD with maximum degradation of COD 55.45% at pH 7.1, and shorten the HRT into 32 days. Biogas production was consisted of 57.21 % methane, 13.98% CO2 and various gases 28.1% (H2S, VOC, CO and H2O). This experiment showed that HRT was shorter than conventional reactor.

Correction: Ducey et al. Differences in Microbial Communities and Pathogen Survival Between a Covered and Uncovered Anaerobic Lagoon. Environments, 2019, 6, 91

The authors would like to correct the published article [...]

Differences in Microbial Communities and Pathogen Survival Between a Covered and Uncovered Anaerobic Lagoon

Anaerobic lagoons are a critical component of confined swine feeding operations. These structures can be modified, using a synthetic cover, to enhance their ability to capture the emission of ammonia and other malodorous compounds. Very little has been done to assess the potential of these covers to alter lagoon biological properties. Alterations in the physicochemical makeup can impact the biological properties, most notably, the pathogenic populations. To this aim, we performed a seasonal study of two commercial swine operations, one with a conventional open lagoon, the other which employed a permeable, synthetic cover. Results indicated that lagoon fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli were significantly influenced by sampling location (lagoon vs house) and lagoon type (open vs. covered), while Enterococcus sp. were influenced by sampling location only. Comparisons against environmental variables revealed that fecal coliforms (r2 = 0.40), E. coli (r2 = 0.58), and Enterococcus sp. (r2 = 0.25) significantly responded to changes in pH. Deep 16S sequencing of lagoon and house bacterial and archaeal communities demonstrated grouping by both sampling location and lagoon type, with several environmental variables correlating to microbial community differences. Overall, these results demonstrate that permeable synthetic covers play a role in changing the lagoon microclimate, impacting lagoon physicochemical and biological properties.

Spatial Variations of Bacterial Communities of an Anaerobic Lagoon-Type Biodigester Fed with Dairy Manure

Anaerobic digestion technology is being widely employed for sustainable management of organic wastes generated in animal farms, industries, etc. Nevertheless, biodigester microbiome is still considered a “black box” because it is regulated by different physico-chemical and operational factors. In this study, the bacterial diversity and composition in different sites of a full-scale lagoon type biodigester (23,000 m3) fed with dairy manure, viz., the influent, beginning, middle, final and effluent were analyzed. The biodigester registered a total of 1445 OTUs, which demonstrated the complex microbial ecosystem in it. Of them, only six OTUs were shared among all the different sampling points. The most abundant phyla belonged to Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Latescibacteria and Thermotogae. The Simpson and Shannon index showed that the highest microbial diversity was observed in the beginning point of the biodigester, meanwhile, the lowest diversity was recorded in the middle. Based on the UniFrac distances, microbial communities with high similarity were recorded in the middle and final of the biodigester. It can be clearly observed that bacterial communities varied at the different points of the biodigester. However, based on metagenome predictions using PICRUSt, it was found that independent of the differences in taxonomy and location, bacterial communities maintained similar metabolic functions.

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC LOADING AND MIXING TO THE STABILIZED LEACHATE COD REMOVAL USING CIRCULATING ANAEROBIC REACTOR

In Indonesia, several leachate treatments were operated with most of the treatments are using conventional anaerobic lagoon system in pre-treatment section. However, most of the treatments still have low organic removal efficiency. In several studies, removal efficiency could be increased through several modifications inside the pond and one of them is by using mixing addition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare leachate organic removal efficiency by using mixing and without using mixing modification. This research used 3 kinds of Circulating Anaerobic Reactor (CAR) where 0.5 kg/m3∙day Organic Loading Rate (OLR) in reactor-1 (with mixing) and reactor-3 (without mixing) and 1.0 kg/m3∙day OLR in reactor-2 (with mixing) were operated inside the reactor. From the results, the organic removal efficiency in reactor-1 was 81.82%, reactor-2 was 82.22%, and reactor-3 was 41.67%. It can be proven that leachate organic removal efficiency was possible to be increased with the addition of mixing inside the treatment system. Keywords: Circulating Anaerobic Reactor; leachate; mixing; organic loading; removal efficiency Abstrak PENGARUH BEBAN ORGANIK DAN PENGADUKAN TERHADAP PENYISIHAN COD LINDI TERSTABILISASI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CIRCULATING ANAEROBIC REACTOR. Di Indonesia, pengolahan lindi dioperasikan dengan sebagian besar pengolahan menggunakan sistem kolam anaerobik konvensional pada bagian pre-treatment. Akan tetapi, sebagian besar pengolahan masih memiliki penyisihan organik yang rendah. Dalam beberapa penelitian, efisiensi penyisihan dapat ditingkatkan melalui beberapa modifikasi di dalam kolam dan salah satunya adalah dengan menggunakan pengadukan. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efisiensi penyisihan organik lindi dengan menggunakan pengadukan dan tanpa menggunakan pengadukan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 3 jenis Circulating Anaerobic Reactor (CAR) dimana reaktor tersebut dioperasikan dengan Organic Loading Rate (OLR) sebesar 0,5 kg/m3∙hari di dalam reaktor-1 (dengan pengadukan) dan reaktor-3 (tanpa pengadukan) dan OLR sebesar 1,0 kg/m3∙hari dalam reaktor -2 (dengan pengadukan). Dari hasil penelitian, efisiensi penyisihan organik di dalam reaktor-1 adalah sebesar 81,82%, reaktor-2 sebesar 82,22%, dan reaktor-3 sebesar 41,67%. Melalui hal tersebut, dapat dibuktikan bahwa efisiensi penyisihan organik pada lindi memungkinkan untuk ditingkatkan dengan penambahan pengadukan di dalam sistem pengolahan. Kata kunci: Circulating Anaerobic Reactor; lindi; pengadukan; beban organic; efisiensi penyisihan