Two essays about E. D. Polivanov’s linguistic activity (to the 130th anniversary of the birth)

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 92-100
Author(s):  
O. A. Voloshina

Abstract. The paper analyses two episodes of the Russian and Soviet scientist Evgeny Dmitrievich Polivanov’s versatile activity: his opposition to N. Ya. Marr’s ‘science of language’ and attempts to standardise the nomenclature of the linguistics of the beginning of the XXth century in a dictionary of linguistic terms. The research presents E. D. Polivanov’s arguments made against the erroneous doctrine which dominated Soviet linguistics in the 1930–40s. At that time, N. Ya. Marr’s theory was advanced as the only correct direction of scientific development in national linguistics. E. D. Polivanov’s pioneering work to organise national science resulted in the compilation of a new dictionary of linguistic and literary criticism terms. This book was not published and only came out at the end of the XXth century. The paper analyses the definitions of several terms obtained from the edition. Additionally, it is suggested that in E. D. Polivanov’s dictionary one can see a ‘snapshot’ of the evolution of the national linguistics at the beginning of the XXth century.

Author(s):  
T. I. Tyukaeva

The history of scientific development in Algeria, which has not been long, represents a series of continual rises and falls. The Algerian leadership and researchers have been making efforts to create Algeria's national science through protection from the western scientific tradition, which is reminiscent of the colonial period of the country, and at the same time adoption of scientific knowledge and scientific institutions functioning principles from abroad, with no organizational or scientific experience of their own. Since the time the independent Algerian state was established, its scientific development has been inevitably coupled with active support of European countries, especially France, and other western and non-western states. Today the Algerian leadership is highly devoted to the modernization of the national scientific and research potential in strong cooperation with its foreign partners. The article concentrates on examining the present period (the 2000s) of the scientific development in Algeria. The main conclusion is that there still is a number of problems - for Algeria until now lacks an integral scientific community with the state preserving its dominating role in science and research activities. Despite these difficulties, the Algerian science has made an outstanding progress. The efficiently built organizational scientific structure, the growing science and technology cooperation with foreign countries as well as the increasing state expenses in science allow to hope for further success of the Algerian scientific development.


2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Hua Guo

Previous literary studies on the revision of “Leda and the Swan” by William B. Yeats are mainly concerned with its psychological, social and historical implications conveyed by the relationship between Leda and the swan, and seldom explain the realization of this relationship in linguistic terms and its reception by the readership. Stylistic studies can furnish linguistic evidence for literary interpretation. Building on previous literary criticism and stylistic analysis, this study takes the first stanza as an example and conducts a cognitive stylistic analysis of the poem’s three versions by means of Langacker’s reference point model and dynamic discourse analysis framework. The poet’s aspiration to achieve subtle balance in the relationship through syntactic and semantic alteration is thus better understood and the possibility of applying Langacker’s cognitive grammar to stylistic analysis of poetry is tentatively explored.


2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Markova

The article is devoted to the issue of the critical reception of F.M. Dostoevskys Notes from Underground in the XXth century. Some letters, as well as books on philosophy and literary criticism by such writers as D.H. Lawrence, J.M. Murry, C. Wilson and I. Murdoch are analysed. The reviews by the given authors correspond to two waves of interest in Dostoevsky - the first one took place at the turn of the XXth century followed by the second one in the middle of the century. The writers name the key characteristics of the Underground Man: vanity, egoism, self-division, desire for suffering and inability to act. Some critics of Dostoevskys Notes see the Underground Man as recurrent image and note his relevance to the ideas of existentialism, especially the one about inability to apprehend truth in a rational way.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-287
Author(s):  
E. V. Krasnova ◽  
Yu. A. Morgunov ◽  
B. P. Saushkin ◽  
B. V. Shandrov

Recent vital structural and functional transformations in the national science resulted in decreasing of the social significance of the country’s science and scientific potential. Analysis of statistic data demonstrates noticeable decline of scientific human resources potential and reduction in the number of research organizations. Moreover, government funding becomes the main driving force for development of scientific research in Russia, and the role of Russian business and other sources is of secondary importance. The situation in the national science and lack of funding for research and development in particular caused such negative tendencies as slowing down innovative transformations in the country, outflow of qualified human resources, lower quality of scientific research and its efficiency. Due to low speed of developing advanced research and development the national mechanic engineering is lagging behind in developing new technologies which proves that this sphere of applied science is in unsatisfactory condition. Applied science is developing in two main directions: directive and natural science. The first option presupposes that development of science is influenced mainly by external factors such as material production needs and the state of social and economic sphere of the society. The second direction is based on the determining role of the internal logics of the scientific development and the continuity of scientific ideas between the old and new knowledge. Natural science way of developing applied (technological) science is not explored properly; government support of scientific schools is obviously insufficient. It results in their gradual degradation with rare exceptions. This can also happen to a new trend in mechanic engineering technology – additive manufacturing of products from metals and alloys. If new knowledge is not generated purchasing of foreign equipment becomes inevitable, and such equipment quickly becomes obsolete both morally and physically.


2021 ◽  
pp. 142-145
Author(s):  
Alastair Fowler

This chapter reflects on the relevance of literature and literary works. The meaning of the word ‘relevance’ has unobtrusively changed. In the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, ‘relevance’ meant ‘pertinent to a case or argument’ or occasionally ‘pertinent to the matter in hand’. By 1800, however, ‘relevant’ was more often used to mean ‘pertinent to the issue’; and after that it altered rapidly, since what was taken to be the current issue kept changing. In fact, ‘relevance’ began to imply pertinency to specifically new issues, or the newest issue. In literary criticism, this collectivist assumption had an astonishing influence. Relevance came to be used as an overriding criterion; considerable and negligible, good and bad, were distinguished simply in terms of this one factor. Was the work socially relevant, relevant to the public? Such a criterion could easily exclude much of literature and soon it did. The chapter then looks at modern relevance theory, the thrust of which is to replace decoding with ordinary inference and so to recover the idea of pertinency—albeit pertinency reconceived in linguistic terms.


1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-203
Author(s):  
Jerry P. Becker ◽  
Zhou Yi-Yun

In the late 1970s the Chinese set scientific and technological development as a major national priority. At this time, following the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), the Chinese set into motion new national science policies, with education serving as a major link in their plans to revitalize efforts toward scientific development.


2020 ◽  
pp. 216-241
Author(s):  
O. N. Alexandrova-Osokina

The results of the study and systematization of literary research on the problems of geopoetics as a direction in Russian literary criticism are presented in this review article. The relevance of the study is seen in the need to comprehend and systematize the accumulated literary experience in the field of the geopoetic paradigm of literary research. The scope of work identified in the research process is an indicator of a growing scientific interest in the aforementioned problems. In the study of the material, it was shown that the theoretical component of the work is the study of the nature of the geopoetic image, which is understood as the artistic image of the geographical space as a natural, historical-cultural and value-semantic unity. The works representing geopoetic regional models (“texts”) of Russian literature: northern, Crimean, Altai, Ural, Far Eastern, sacred are identified and substantively characterized in the article. The analyzed material allowed us to present a generalized artistic structure of the geopoetic model of the region, including mythopoetic images, natural history and historical-cultural realities, historical aspects of the formation of geopoetic representations, folklore and literary texts. The study represents geopoetic research as a systematic scientific direction uniting scientists from different regions of Russia and having formed within its borders a methodology and scientific tools for identifying and analyzing the geopoetic content of Russian literature. The systematization of the material presented in this article will help create a clear picture of the theoretical and historical-scientific development of the problem.


Author(s):  
Е.В. СЕНЬКО

В статье анализируются некоторые аспекты процесса перевода, являющегося не только центральным элементом лингвистической деятельности, предполагающей передачу значения одного инвентаря в другой набор знаков, но и обязательно включающего в себя внелингвистические критерии, один из которых – знание культуры и мировоззрения того общества, в рамках которых автор создавал своё творение. Объектом анализа является стихотворение К.Л. Хетагурова «Кубады», образ которого украшает рукописный вариант книги классика осетинской литературы «Ирон фандыр» («Осетинская лира»). Цель статьи – рассмотреть названное стихотворение с точки зрения прочтения текста оригинала переводчиком, анализируя неправомерные случаи употребления лексических вариантов в аспекте такой грани художественного произведения, как его национальный колорит. Используется сопоставительный анализ перевода и оригинала, позволяющий обнаружить сходство и различие указанных источников исследования, определить правомерность допущенных отклонений. Уместным представляется учет общеязыковедческих постулатов о языке как совокупности речевых реализаций и об отношении языка к логическим категориям и явлениям реального мира. Особую значимость приобретает контекстологический анализ, основной постулат которого – обусловленность смысла высказывания ситуативно-социальным контекстом. Установлено, что переводчик, во-первых, не учитывает национально-культурную обусловленности языка на уровне реалий, эмоциональной и социальной значимости системы вокабуляра; во-вторых, нарушает лексико-стилистические особенности идеолекта автора; в-третьих, допускает употребление аналоцизмов, обусловливающих неоправданные лексические замены. Отмечается, что автор русского перевода стихотворения «Кубады» в известной мере пренебрег эстетической и литературно-художественной доминантой первоисточника и в литературоведческом, и в лингвистическом отношении. The article analyzes some aspects of the translation process, which is not only the central element of linguistic activity, which involves the transfer of the value of one inventory into another set of characters, but also necessarily includes extralinguistic criteria, one of which is knowledge of the culture and worldview of that society, within which the author created his creation. The object of analysis is a poem by K.L. Khetagurov “Cubady”, the image of which decorates the handwritten version of the book of Ossetian literature classic “Iron Fandyr” (“Ossetian Lira”). The purpose of the article is to consider the named poem from the point of view of reading the text of the original by the translator, analyzing illegal cases of using lexical options in the aspect of such a facet of art works as its national flavor. A comparative analysis of the translation and the original is used, which makes it possible to detect the similarities and differences of these sources of research, to determine the legitimacy of the deviations. It seems appropriate to take into account general linguistic postulates about language as a totality of speech realizations and about the relation of language to logical categories and phenomena of the real world. Of particular importance is the contextual analysis, the main postulate of which is the conditionality of the meaning of the utterance in a situational-social context. It is established that the translator, firstly, does not take into account the national-cultural conditionality of the language at the level of the realities, emotional and social significance of the vocabulary system; secondly, violates the lexical and stylistic features of the author’s ideolect; thirdly, it allows the use of analocisms, causing unjustified lexical replacements. It is noted that the author of the Russian translation of the poem "Cubady" to a certain extent neglected the aesthetic and literary-artistic dominance of the original source both in literary and linguistic terms.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document