Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Heavy Metals by Using Chemical Indices Approach in Karachi, Pakistan

Freshwater consumption has been increased because of population growth and economic development. At the same time, depletion and contamination of groundwater is subject of great concern. Karachi is the industrial hub and serves as the economic backbone of Pakistan. The research aims to investigate the heavy metal pollution in the groundwater of Korangi Industrial Area, one of the largest industrial estates in Karachi. Eighteen representative locations were selected to collect groundwater samples and study the concentrations of heavy metals Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Pollution load index, Nemerow's pollution index, and geo accumulation index approaches were used to interpret the basic data. The average concentrations of the measured heavy metals were 354.67 µg.L-1 , 694.33 µg.L-1 , 39.2 µg.L-1 , 12.89 µg.L-1 , 9.5 µg.L-1 , and 6.17 µg.L-1 for Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Ni, respectively. The results showed that groundwater quality in the study area is poor and mainly contaminated by Pb and Fe.

Biodegradation potential of immobilized bacteria in the treatment of Tannery Industrial effluents from industrial estates in Kano State, Nigeria

Industrial Effluents Samples from Gashash Tanneries (TAN1) in Bompai Industrial estate, Larabee Tannery Industry (TAN2) in Sharada Industrial estate and Z Tannery Industries (TAN3) in Challawa Industrial estate, Kano State, Nigeria were collected over a period of six months (August 2017 to January 2018) for assessing the biodegradation potentials of bacteria in the treatment of organic pollutants within the effluents. Bacteria were isolated from the effluents and immobilized on agar-agar. Different masses (5 g, 10 g, 15g, 20 g, and 25 g) of the bacteria were used in the treatment of 250 ml of the effluents for ten days in a shaker incubator (Gallenkamp-OC-4364-L) at the temperature 30 °C and speed of 60 rpm. Pre-treatment analysis of the effluents for Temperature, pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended Solid (SS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) gives the following results; temperature (ºC) ranged (26.38±3.81-30.33±3.79); pH (5.35±1.57-9.00±0.78); BOD (13.85±6.42-38.75±16.20); COD (1406±208-3532±1373); SS (208±235-780±739) and TDS (266±253-5276±2971). No statistical differences (p ≤ 0.05) was observed for all the results among the different industries. The bacterial isolates were identified as Neisseria spp, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus, in TAN1, TAN2, and TAN3, respectively. After treatment of the effluent with the different masses of the isolated bacteria, the mean level of BOD was found to range as (0.55±0.36-6.92±5.49); COD (ND-3134±1595); SS (18±022-898±672) and TDS (4±002-83±078). The results of Post-treatment analysis showed that there is overall decrease in the levels of the parameters determined when compared with that of the pre-treatment. The overall percentage reduction of the immobilised bacteria in the treatment of the respective effluents was in the order TAN2 (72%)>TAN1 (70%)>TAN3 (62%). Hence, the immobilized bacteria are having higher biodegradation potential for the treatment of the tannery effluents.

Readiness Assessment of Pasuruan Industrial Estate Rembang (PIER) Towards Sustainable Industrial Estate

Global awareness towards sustainability are putting pressure on industries worldwide to implement procedures to manage the elements of sustainability for an industrial development. This study aims to assess the readiness of Pasuruan Industrial Estate Rembang (PIER) towards sustainable industrial estate. This research was conducted using qualitative methods with the type of research in the form of case studies. Six parameters are assessed based on the concept formulated by Ernest Lowe (2001) that include natural system integration with environmental capacity-bearing capability, sustainable energy and water use, integration of output and waste material flows, efficient industrial estate management, environmentally friendly infrastructure design and integration between industrial estates and social communities, contributing to local economic development. Using a Likert scale of 1 to 3 to assess the level of application of EIP principles in the PIER industrial estate, the results obtained are that two EIP principles have not been applied at all and four principles have not been fully implemented.

Inovasi Model Kelembagaan Kawasan Industri Prakarsa Pemerintah

Industrial estates have experienced rapid development in the last 10 years, where there are around 132 industrial estates that have been operating throughout Indonesia. However, the industrial institutional model has not changed much since the first industrial estate was established in the 1970s, which is limited to the management carried out by business entities either by BUMN/BUMD, Cooperatives and Limited Company. In this regard, this study was conducted in order to innovate the development and management of industrial estates, especially those initiated by the government through the Public Private Partnership scheme. The method used is a qualitative method with a desk study approach and Focus Group Discussion. The results of this study recommend the Government to establish a technical agency unit in the form of the National Industrial Estate Development Agency in the form of PK BLU to carry out the main tasks and functions in building and managing competitive industrial estates so that it is expected to accelerate the spread of industrial estate development throughout Indonesia.

Mitigating Polluted Runoff from Industrial Estates by SUDS Retrofits: Case Studies of Problems and Solutions Co-Designed with a Participatory Approach

Contaminated runoff from industrial estates is a significant cause of poor quality in receiving watercourses. Pollution risk begins at each of the industrial premises, presenting different environmental risks which require individual treatment and contingency plans. This is best achieved using SUDS technology, which adds green infrastructure with passive drainage features to the existing drainage and treatment systems, designed to capture the pollutants present in runoff at source on individual sites, for conveyance and on a regional basis serving the whole estate. Here, we develop a multistage investigative framework structured to facilitate the search for relevant solutions and optimization of their design. This paper presents the results of the awareness survey, identifies barriers and opportunities, and reports on case studies dealing with potential SUDS retrofits at industrial facilities, assessing the existing control measures and the scope for new ones with the aim of improving pollution management. The feasibility of SUDS components was assessed with respect to their functional characteristics, economic costs, and logistical constraints. Lack of knowledge related to SUDS and pollution prevention legislation was identified as the major barrier to retrofits, which should be addressed through educational measures. Although comprehensive SUDS retrofits could be prohibitive in cost for small and medium-sized companies, partial and affordable retrofit solutions can be easily implemented to achieve the environmental benefits sought. In addition to the improvements in water quality and alleviation of flood risk, the introduction of Blue-Green Infrastructure will bring about further multiple benefits related to such ecosystem services as the amelioration of the local climate, reduction of noise, improvements in air quality, enhancement of the local biodiversity, and positive effects for the human well-being and mental health.

Coastal Inundation and Land Subsidence in North Coast of West Java: A New Hazard?

The North Coasts of West Java are increasingly affected by human activities. The area has been utilized as settlement areas, industrial estates, and associated infrastructures including roads, school, hospital, market, etc. Consequently, this massive landuse and uncontrolled natural resources extraction have contributed to environmental degradation such as coastal erosion, accretion, pollution, inundation, and land subsidence. To date, we have so far very few field measurement data of land subsidence to support its importance. However, satellite image and on-ground observations used to determine spatio-temporal changes in the shoreline and area of inundation indicated the existence of land subsidence. Groundtruth data on selected areas also indicated the indicators of land subsidence such as damages of infrastructures including houses, roads, and sea dikes. The most noticeable shoreline changes in the North Coast of West Java are situated in Muara Gembong Bekasi and Legon Kulon Subang constituting maximum rates of shoreline retreat up to 200 and 150 m/year respectively for the last two decades (from 2000 to 2020). Whilst, the total areas of inundation in Muara Gembong and Legon Kulon based on recent satellite studies are 10.2 km2 and 7.4 km2 respectively. Coastal inundation might be linked to the combination of long-term behavior of oceanographic variables such as wave and sea level, in coincidence with hydrological changes due to river works (i.e. dam constructions and channellings) and an increase of settlement areas, fish ponds, groundwater extraction, etc. A set of preliminary engineering measures, in conjunction with sediment managing schemes, is proposed for the sustainable development of the coastal zone.

The ecological vulnerability of Semarang’s coastal waters, a brief review

As the capital city of the Central Java Province, Semarang has a very unique regional profile. Economic activity in Semarang has accelerated rapidly and many industrial estates have been established, but the latent problem of inundation and subsidence has been a threat in the northern region of the city for almost a century. Under these conditions, the burden of pollution as a by-product of various activities in the coastal and upland areas becomes a threat magnification for ecological sustainability of coastal waters and surrounding areas. This review will reveal the ecological vulnerability of coastal waters based on biogeochemical aspects. The major references for the review were several research papers dan repots based on the research activities of The Research Centre for Oceanography, Indonesian Science Institute (LIPI) in Semarang coastal water on the last decade. Geological studies, heavy metal contamination and retrospection study using benthic foraminifera as proxies based on two core samples are the major aspects on the review. The results show that the eastern coastal of Semarang was more susceptible to ecological disasters such as accretion, pollution of several metals and total suspended solids compared to the western coastal waters. Retrospective study based on core sample showed that Pb and Zn contaminations were occurred higher at the East Flood Canal estuary since 1910, so was the imprint of hypoxia was found since 1939.

Factorial Analysis of the Critical Success Factors of Continuous Improvement (CI) Techniques in the Companies from Sohar Industrial Estate, Oman

Purpose: The research objectives were to analyze the role of continuous improvement (CI) techniques in manufacturing in Oman in the CI process and to investigate the crucial factors of CI and the application techniques of CI that have been implemented by the manufacturing companies during the CI process. Design/methodology/approach: A survey questionnaire was developed with the baseline of CI practices used by manufacturing companies in Oman and a convenient sampling method was used to collect the data. 146 completely filled-in questionnaires were collected from 75 manufacturing units out of the entire Public Establishment database. The data was tabulated, compiled. The robustness was tested along with the ranking tests and the factor analysis using SPSS and AMOS. Findings: The results reveal that the Omani manufacturing companies using structured CI programs had lesser product recalls, leading to increased overall sales, decrease in processing time. Further, it is also revealed that the CI culture and Employee Performance Measurement and Review are instrumental in translating into company savings. Research limitations/implications: This research was limited to Sohar Industrial estate only. As there are nine industrial estates in Oman, the research can be undertaken to study the CI practices adoption in all the other industrial estates as well. Social implications: Countries from all over the world are facing numerous challenges due to COVID-19. The paper will help the manufacturing companies in decision making towards the process improvement. Originality/Value: There are not many studies on continuous improvement practices within the Omani manufacturing industry and this paper examines the status of CI implementation in manufacturing companies in Oman.

Urban Heat Island: Identification of Spatial Patterns of Green Open Space for Mitigation in Kendal Industrial Park, Indonesia

The development of industrial estates is a strategy in encouraging the growth of national industries in Indonesia. The development of industrial estates, especially in the regions, is an implementation of the 2015-2035 master Plan of National Industry Development. Kendal Industrial Park (KIP) is one of the industrial estates in Central Java which is experiencing growth and is expected to be one of the choices for investors. The development of industrial estates in the regions has an impact on changes and increases in space requirements. This condition makes land-use change green land into industrial land which is the cause of the effect of rising air temperatures in cities. This study intends to identify the need for green open spaces spatially based on the phenomenon of increasing temperature in the Kendal industrial area using the Urban Heat Island (UHI) approach. Remote Sensing via satellite imagery is used to detect UHI spatially. The location of this UHI will later be used as spatial modelling data to assess how big and where green open space is needed. The results of this study are in the form of a spatial identification of the adequacy of green open space which will mitigate the UHI phenomenon in the Kendal industrial area which is presented spatially in the form of a thematic map.

Which CSR Activities Are Preferred by Local Community Residents? Conjoint and Cluster Analyses

Industrial estates (IEs) are important for economic growth, but they also negatively impact the living environment of local communities. To foster community acceptance, IEs and companies often implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs. However, very few studies have explored the preferences of local communities. Therefore, the first objective of this research was to identify the CSR dimensions and activities preferred by local communities surrounding Amata City Industrial Estate in Chonburi, Thailand, while the second objective was to categorize residents based on their CSR preferences using K-means clustering. Data were collected from 309 residents and assessed using a choice-based conjoint analysis, with the two most preferred CSR dimensions identified as economy and environment. The results confirmed heterogeneity within a community. Seven segments were identified as wellness enthusiasts, sustainable developers, knowledge supporters, balanced conservators, nature lovers, utilitarian developers and economic persons. The findings should be beneficial for IE management in Thailand and could be used by companies and local governments to initiate citizen-centric CSR activities.