Preparation of glucose-fructose syrup from yacon

The use of inulin-containing raw materials for the production of glucose-fructose syrup helps to significantly reduce the amount of glucose in it, and increase the proportion of fructose to 97%. The purpose of the research is to study the process of obtaining glucose-fructose syrups by bioconversion of inulin - containing raw materials-yacon. Depolymerization of fructans is carried out by the enzyme inulinase, which hydrolyzes the polymer to fructose and sucrose. The object of the study was yacon root vegetables with an inulin content of 17.3 %, the enzyme preparation inulinase from A. awamori 2250. The rational mode of hydrothermal treatment of yacon tubers is: temperature-85 C, duration-30 minutes, hydromodule-1: 0.5. Rational modes of saccharification of yacon with the enzyme preparation inuloavamorin P10x: pH 5.5; dosage of the enzyme preparation 14 units per 1 yacon inulin, temperature 50 oC for yacon, duration of hydrolysis 3.5-4 hours. Thus, we have selected rational modes of saccharification of yacon with the enzyme preparation inuloavamorin P10x: pH 5.5; the dosage of the enzyme preparation is 14 units per 1 inulin of yacon, the temperature is 50 oC for yacon, the duration of hydrolysis is 3.5-4 hours. The resulting fructose-glucose syrup, which is a viscous liquid without sediment and foreign inclusions. The color – from yellow to light brown, with varying intensity, the taste is sweet with no bitterness. The smell is usually absent, while a light fruity or caramel flavor is allowed. According to the physical and chemical properties of fructose-glucose syrup has the following indicators: dry substances-70-80 %; reducing substances-88-90% in terms of absolutely dry matter; fructose-87-89% in terms of abs. dry matter; glucose-1% in terms of abs. dry matter; residual inulin content-1-2% in terms of abs. dry matter; protein substances - 6-6. 5% in terms of abs. dry matter; ash content – 4% in terms of abs.dry matter. The energy value of fructose-glucose syrup is 315 kcal/100 g.

EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGICAL PASTURE SYSTEMS ON THE BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF LONG-TERM GRASS STANDS AND FEED QUALITY

The results of long-term studies on the influence of multi-variant pasture management systems (techno-genic, integrated, technogenic-mineral, technogenic-organic) on the botanical composition and quality of feed of long-term phytocenoses are presented. The possibility of preserving the valuable botanical com-position and high quality of feed for a 75-year period under the condition of a rational mode of use and an optimal level of fertilizer is justified. All the studied systems of pasture management belong to the category of energy-saving, since with the 75-year use of grass stands, the capital costs planned for periodic re-servicing are reduced to 10 or more times. Experimental data on the botanical composition of pasture grass stands for 2005 and 2020 and the quality of green feed in terms of protein nutrition and mineral content for 1976–2020 are presented in accordance with the requirements of the technical specifications of GOST R 57482-2017 "Pasture feed". The content of seeded grasses, meadow foxtail and meadow bluegrass, in the herbage of 75 years of life against the background of N180P45K120 was 43%. The content of crude protein (at a rate of at least 14%) and crude fat (at a rate of at least 3.2%) in all studied systems exceeded the standard values.

ANALYTICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE RATIONAL MODE OF VIBRATION IMPACT ON THE HONEYCOMB

Проблема и цель. Заключается в том, чтобы теоретически обосновать режим виброочистки воскового сырья, при котором происходит отделение частиц воска от перговых гранул. Методология. В результате вибрационного воздействия на соты с пергой действует вынуждающая сила, которая должна быть больше силы трения между перговой гранулой и восковой основой ячейки сота, для того чтобы гранулы перги отделились. Увеличить силу, действующую на гранулу, можно увеличением либо амплитуды, либо частоты колебаний. Управление частотой является более рациональным по сравнению с управлением амплитудой. Для расчета частоты и амплитуды вынуждающей силы используются следующие данные: 2h – толщина рамки с сотами, h = 0,01м; a – длина рамки с сотами, a = 0,3м; b – ширина рамки с сотами, b = 0,4м; ρ – плотность, ρ = 326 кг/м³; N – натяжение; g – ускорение свободного падения, g = 9,81 м/c²; E – модуль упругости, E = 206000 МПа; G – модуль сдвига, G = 74000 Мпа; ν – коэффициент Пуассона, ν = 0,3; υ – коэффициент вязкости. Моделирование исследуемого процесса выполняется в среде Mathcad встроенными средствами статистической обработки. При этом осуществляется математическое моделирование в определенных рамках технологического процесса. Результаты. При воздействии на рамки с сотами, в которых есть перга, гармоническими колебаниями, возникает резонанс на малых частотах, что помогает ускорять процесс очистки. Заключение. Для наиболее качественной очистки воскового сырья от примесей необходимо воздействие вибрации с частотой в диапозоне от 14 до 16 Гц. При этом возникает резонанс, который уменьшает затраты энергии на данный процесс. Problem and purpose. The aim of the study is to theoretical justify the mode of vibration cleaning of wax feedstock, in which wax particles are separated from beads. Methodology. As a result of the vibration action, a force force is exerted on the feather honeycombs, which must be greater than the frictional force, in order for the feather pellets to separate from the wax cells of the honeycombs. To calculate the frequency and amplitude of the force, the following data 2h are used - the thickness of the frame with cells, h = 0.01m; a is the length of the frame with cells, a = 0.3m; b is the width of the frame with cells, b = 0.4m; ρ - density, ρ = 326 kg/m3 ; N - tension; g - acceleration of free fall, g = 9.81 m/c2 ; E - modulus of elasticity, E = 206000 MPa; G - shear modulus, G = 74000 MPa; v is Poisson's coefficient, v = 0.3; υ - viscosity coefficient. Results. When acting on frames with cells in which there is a feather, harmonic oscillations, resonance at low frequencies occurs, which helps to accelerate the cleaning process. Conclusion. For the highest quality purification of wax raw materials from impurities, vibration is necessary with a frequency in the diapozone from 14 to 16. At the same time, a resonance occurs that reduces the energy consumption for this process.

Hygienic substantiation of the mode of intense mental work of middle-schoolchildren at the performance of educational tasks

The article is devoted to the analysis and generalization of the results of research on the study of mental performance and fatigue of students. The aim is to assess the mental working ability of middle-aged schoolchildren when actively solving mathematical problems and problems in order to develop a hygienically rational mode of work in the conditions of mental activity. The core samples of the letter table of V. Ya. Anfimov were selected as the methodological tools. According to the results of the study, the values of the daily adaptability index indicated a pronounced fatigue of the children during the school day. The performance of educational tasks in mathematics, associated with the active solution of examples and problems, causes a significant strain on the functions of the organ and leads to rapid mental fatigue of students. The conducted research showed that 20–30 min. intensive intellectual activity followed by 10–15 minutes active recreation in the fresh air are the optimal periods of work for schoolchildren. Sedentary rest in the corridors of the school does not provide a sufficient recovery of mental performance of students. Thus, the educational process should be structured in such a way as to prevent the occurrence of overwork, which creates the prerequisites for the development of acute and chronic health disorders, the development of nervous, psychosomatic and other diseases.

Features of heat treatment of a new steel for the manufacture of hot deformation dies

The influence of heat treatment parameters on the structure and properties of the promising 70Cr3Mn2WTiB die steel, which is offered for the manufacture of mold parts for aluminum alloy injection molding machines, is revealed. A rational mode of thermal hardening is recommended for the developed steel, including spheroidizing annealing at a temperature of 780 °C with combined cooling; quenching at 1000 °C with oil cooling; high-temperature tempering at 550–600 °C with cooling in calm air. The structure formation and behavior of carbide phases in microalloyed steels at various stages of heat treatment are evaluated. The features of phase transformations and the mechanism of dispersion hardening during high-temperature tempering that provide the required set of mechanical and technological properties are determined. The influence of heat treatment modes on mechanical and operational properties under cyclic loading and heat exposure at normal and elevated temperatures is evaluated. Fractographic studies of zones of cyclic and static crack growth in fractures of samples after testing for crack resistance under cyclic and static loading were performed. The main regularities of changes in the thermal structural stability of chromium steels under cyclic temperature and force influences, depending on the nature of alloying and heat treatment modes, are substantiated, which made it possible to reasonably recommend the developed 70Cr3Mn2WTiB steel for implementation.

On the Issue of Efficiency of Shunting Diesel Locomotives at Cargo Terminals

The main shunting operations at the cargo terminal compose of supply of cars for loading and their removal after unloading. The article describes the modes of operation of a shunting diesel locomotive performing these operations. The procedure for calculating in the form of an algorithm for determining performance indicators of a shunting locomotive is given, followed by the results of calculations for performing a technological operation of supplying cars for loading and removing them after unloading by a ChME3 diesel locomotive at the cargo terminal. The necessity of increasing the requirements for quality of control decisions made by drivers of shunting diesel locomotives is determined. The criterion for evaluating the use of one or another locomotive control mode has been adjusted. These studies are aimed at ensuring control in the most efficient way, providing for a reduction in fuel consumption by shunting diesel locomotives and thereby reducing the cost of shunting work at the cargo terminal, the costs for owners of cargo terminals. Also, a comparative analysis of the use of various options for controlling a diesel locomotive for the most common operation, supply of five cars for loading and their removal after unloading, at the cargo terminal under specified operating conditions is performed and presented. The cost of fuel saved through the use of a rational mode of control of a shunting locomotive has been determined.

ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ РЕЖИМІВ РУХУ РОБОЧОГО МАСИВУ ТА ОБ’ЄМУ ЗАПОВНЕННЯ ЄМКОСТІ НА ІНТЕНСИВНІСТЬ ВІДДІЛЕННЯ МЕТАЛЕВИХ ДЕТАЛЕЙ ВІД ЛИВНИКІВ

Determination of the main rational technological parameters of processing of metal parts of the lock "lightning" in the tensile machine with complex spatial movement of the working capacity, in particular, experimental study of the influence of modes of motion of the working array and the volume of filling the capacity on the intensity of separation of the metal parts of the lock "lightning" relevant calculation dependencies. An experimental study was carried out by observing the change in the number of machined parts during the technological process of separating the metal parts of the lightning lock from the gullies in a galvanizing machine with a complex spatial movement of the working capacity. Further mathematical processing of the obtained results is carried out with determination of rational technological parameters. The rational mode of movement of the working array and the rational level of filling the capacity of the working array are determined, which provide the highest productivity when performing the technological operation of separating metal parts from the casters. The regularities of the influence of the modes of motion of the working array on the intensity of the technological operation of separating the metal parts of the lock "lightning" from the gullies are established. The dependence between the level of filling the capacity of the working mass, the speed and the performance of the performance of this technological operation is determined. Getting the appropriate settlement dependencies. The directions for realization of rational technological parameters of operation of separation of metal parts of the lock "lightning" from gullies in the car with complex spatial movement of the working capacity, which provide the maximum productivity of performance of the technological operation, were obtained.

НЕСТАЦИОНАРНЫЕ КРУТИЛЬНЫЕ КОЛЕБАНИЯ ПРОПУЛЬСИВНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА С УЧЕТОМ ВОЛНОВЫХ ЯВЛЕНИЙ В ВАЛОПРОВОДЕ И РАБОТЫ РЕГУЛЯТОРА СКОРОСТИ ДИЗЕЛЯ

The ship propulsion complex is considered as a torsion system with distributed parameters, consisting of flywheels (cylinder compartments, propeller) connected by shafts. Shafts can be weightless (only rigidity) or have distributed parameters. Contemporary container ships have a shaft line 120 meters long with a power of 86 MW. Such shafting is reasonable to consider as a shaft with the distributed parameters and to take into account the forces arising at an emersion and an immersing of the propeller screw, accompanied by wave effects. Also, the influence of the regulator on the condition of the shaft is considered. It was concluded that about 70 forms should be used (two of them are used). A calculation scheme and a mathematical model are proposed that allow to perform the calculations of the torsion system as a system with distributed parameters. Exposure (exit from the water) of the propeller is accompanied by a decrease in torque on it to almost zero. This condition can last several seconds and is accompanied by a decrease in temperature of the gases entering the turbine of the turbo-charging unit (low fuel supply at almost the same rotation speed). The turbo charging unit at the same time reduces its rotation speed, which leads to a drop in the pressure of the purge air. Immersion of the propeller is accompanied by a sharp increase in torque on the propeller. The speed controller gives the maximum fuel taking into account restrictions. The diesel speed begins to decrease, and the purge air pressure rises. If about 70 forms (using two) are used in the calculations arising from non-stationary torsional vibrations, then you can get a wave running along the shaft shaft both from the propeller and from the diesel engine. These waves interact with each other and lead to a three-fold increase in torque in the propeller. A rational mode of operation of the speed controller is proposed, in which several outbreaks are skipped during the immersion of the propeller. For short shafts, the delay in the regulator may be sufficient. For long, you need to take additional measures. We can conclude that when calculating non-stationary oscillations, the use of about 70 forms (using two) and the organization of the delay of the speed controller with a sharp increase in the load on the propeller.