Cytological, Bacteriological and Antibiogram Studies for the Management of Uterine Infection in Repeat Breeder Bovines

Background: Repeat breeding syndrome (RBS) associated with sub-clinical uterine infection (UI) remains to be a major reproductive problem faced by Indian farmers. Present study documents its diagnosis, prevalent etiological agents, antibiogram pattern and efficacy of the treatment at field level. Methods: Seventy-eight RBS affected bovines were selected. The cervical mucous (CM) was collected for study of its characteristics, white-side test, endometrial cytology, microbial examination and antibiogram. The treatment protocol was developed and the animals’ response to the treatment was assessed. Result: The overall incidence of RBS was found to be 12.9% and the cases associated with uterine infection (RBS/UI+ve) and without uterine infection (RBS/UI-ve) were 44.87% and 55.13%, respectively. The mean scores of CM character, odour, pH and number of polymorphonuclear cells in RBS/UI +ve were 2.09±1.39, 1.14±0.12, 8.49±0.08 and 12.46±0.96, respectively, and differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from RBS/UI-ve cases. The microbial examination revealed the presence of gram negative bacilli, Trueperella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and yeast infection. Antibiogram studies recorded the response of Tetracyclin as best (48.57%) followed by Cephalexin (22.86%), Chloramphenicol (20.0%) and Streptomycin (8.57%). The RBS/UI+ve cases were treated individually, on one-to-one basis, obeying antibiogram. The infection appeared to be considerably controlled and overall success rate was observed in the form of confirmed pregnancy in 71.43% cases. Thus, it was concluded that prompt diagnosis using endometrial cytology and antibiogram guided therapeutic approach may aid for effective management of RBS/UI +ve cases, under field conditions.

​Genital Changes, Haemato-biochemical Profile and Therapeutic Management of Endometritis in Crossbred Dairy Cows

Background: Reproductive performance is one of the major determinants for the economic improvement of a dairy farm. Endometritis and other uterine complications cause decrease the pregnancy rate. In this study, the genital changes and haemato-biochemical profile of crossbred dairy cows affected with endometritis was studied to evolve a suitable treatment protocol in order to improve reproductive efficiency. Methods: Crossbred cow affected with endometritis were selected based on mucopurulent vaginal discharge at estrus and tested positive for white side test. Animals were divided randomly into 8 groups with 24 animals in each group. Different therapeutic regimens fortified with supportive treatment were opted. The therapeutic regimens were supportive therapy having bypass fat, vitamins and minerals, Lugol’s iodine, Lugol’s iodine with supportive therapy, intrauterine (IU) antibiotic, IU antibiotic with supportive therapy, E. coli. LPS, E. coli. LPS with supportive therapy and control group respectively. Efficacy of each treatment regimen was based on first service conception rate (FSCR). Result: Of all the therapeutic regimens, fortification of Lugol’s iodine with supportive therapy resulted in higher FSCR (83.33%) indicating better applicability as a treatment tool for endometritis in crossbred cows.

Efeito da mastite subclínica na produção de leite e seu tratamento na Unidade de Produção Allpachaka a 3.500 metros acima do nível do mar. Ayacucho. Peru / Effect of subclinical mastitis on dairy production and its treatment in the Allpachaka Production Unit at 3,500 meters above sea level. Ayacucho. Peru

O presente trabalho de pesquisa foi realizado na Unidade de Produção Allpachaka a 3.500 msnm, propriedade da Universidade Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga, localizada no distrito de Chiara, província de Huamanga e região de Ayacucho.O estudo incluiu a avaliação de 76 vacas em produção de leite usando o White Side Test modificado, detectando 27 vacas afetadas com mastite subclínica. Dos 304 quartos mamários avaliados, 196 foram negativos (64,47%) e 108 positivos (35,53%) em diversas graus de significância e qualificação.O índice médio de mastite subclínica foi de 1,35%, com grau moderado de infecção. O percentual de prevalência para os meses de janeiro, março, abril e maio foi de 3,95% e para os meses de fevereiro e junho foi de 7,89%. O delineamento do quadrado latino e a análise de variância foram estatisticamente significantes em relação aos tratamentos "metrimast", "pen strep" e "tara". O teste do qui-quadrado mostrou que os casos de mastite subclínica estão relacionados com a idade, período de lactação, produção de leite e posição dos quartos mamários.Os agentes etiológicos isolados em vacas com mastite subclínica foram bactérias: Staphylococcus aureus com 48,15%, Streptococcus agalactiae 29,63%, Escherichia coli 14,82%, Corynebacterium bovis 3,70% e Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3,70% e fungos ambientais.No teste de antibiograma, discos com antibióticos gentamicina, canamicina, estreptomicina, penicilina, eritromicina, cloranfenicol e bacitracina foram usados para avaliar a sensibilidade e resistência bacteriana.As perdas econômicas foram estimadas em 3,20% com uma emissão de leite de 2.365 litros em vacas afetadas com mastite subclínica, o que significa que o tratamento adequado e oportuno evitou um novo aumento nos casos de mastite.É necessário manter a produção leiteira e aumentar o valor nutricional com forragem verde, feno, silagem e ração concentrada, levando em consideração os temas de saúde animal e manejo pecuário.

Disentangling Natural and Anthropogenic Forms of Mortality and Serious Injury in a Poorly Studied Pelagic Dolphin

Killer whale (Orcinus orca) populations specialize in both prey and prey acquisition tactics around the world and may be a primary evolutionary driver of the habits of small cetaceans. Entanglement in fishing gear is the most significant anthropogenic threat to the survival of cetaceans worldwide. Distinguishing between natural and human-caused sources of mortality and injury is a key task in marine mammal conservation and management. In British Columbia (BC), Canada, mammal-eating killer whales co-occur with Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). Bycatch mortality rates are unknown here due to lack of systematic fisheries observer coverage. Drawing from more than three decades of first-hand observations of killer whale attacks on Pacific white-sided dolphins, we identify common themes with respect to predatory behavior of killer whales and anti-predatory responses of dolphins. With input from veterinary pathologists, we outline clues to distinguish killer whale rake marks from scars and wounds likely to be caused by fishery interactions. We examined photographs of 415 well-marked Pacific white-side dolphins for evidence of injuries and scars consistent with either killer whale attacks or fishery interactions. In this case study, healed scars from interactions with killer whale predators were ∼8× more common than scars from fishery interactions (3.9 vs. 0.5%), suggesting that predation is a much bigger threat to Pacific white-sided dolphins in the study area than anthropogenic impacts, or that dolphins are much less likely to survive a fishery interaction than a predation attempt. To advance our knowledge on poorly studied species, multiple lines of evidence will be needed.

From Racial to Reparative Planning: Confronting the White Side of Planning

This paper advances a conceptual apparatus capable of accounting for planning’s entanglement with white supremacy and racial capitalism by developing a theory of racial planning. Racial planning, as the public production of racialized space, has been at the heart of the American planning tradition. It argues that racial planning occurs via three modes (public and private action and public inaction) and that it serves both the expropriative character of racial capitalism and the status hierarchy of white supremacy. The paper concludes with a normative call for the field to embrace reparations via a reparative planning.

Learning to See the Hidden Part of the Vehicle in the Autopilot Scene

Recent advances in deep learning have shown exciting promise in low-level artificial intelligence tasks such as image classification, speech recognition, object detection, and semantic segmentation, etc. Artificial intelligence has made an important contribution to autopilot, which is a complex high-level intelligence task. However, the real autopilot scene is quite complicated. The first accident of autopilot occurred in 2016. It resulted in a fatal crash where the white side of a vehicle appeared similar to a brightly lit sky. The root of the problem is that the autopilot vision system cannot identify the part of a vehicle when the part is similar to the background. A method called DIDA was first proposed based on the deep learning network to see the hidden part. DIDA cascades the following steps: object detection, scaling, image inpainting assuming a hidden part beside the car, object re-detection from inpainted image, zooming back to the original size, and setting an alarm region by comparing two detected regions. DIDA was tested in a similar scene and achieved exciting results. This method solves the aforementioned problem only by using optical signals. Additionally, the vehicle dataset captured in Xi’an, China can be used in subsequent research.

Field Investigation on Sub-clinical Mastitis in Cows in Different areas of Barisal district in Bangladesh

In every year, Subclinical mastitis (SCM) frequently occurs and results huge economic losses in livestock industry of Bangladesh. This study was redacted to estimate the present status of SCM in cow in selective area of Barisal district. For determining sub-clinical mastitis, a total of 152 milk samples of clinically suspected cows were subjected to White Side Test (WST) and Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT). Specifically, the milk samples of each individual cows which were positive to both WST and SFMT considered as SCM indicating 35.52% prevalence. Other than the local breed cows, the cross bred cows showed significantly higher prevalence, is 47.06%. In consideration to age variation, highest prevalence was observed at 5 to 7 years of age in both types where cross breed was 54.71% and 36.67% for local breed cows. Though highest prevalence was recorded as 34.78% in 2nd parity of local breed cows but the cross breed cows showed highest prevalence 54.55% in their 3rd parity. Afterward, non-pregnant cows showed the insignificantly higher prevalence (41.06%) than pregnant cows were 26.32%. Additionally, this study reported that the cross breed cows yielding more than 10 liters of milk (prevalence was 61.54%) were more prone to SCM than the others and also >5 to 10 liters milk producing local breed cows (prevalence was 31.03%) were more susceptible to SCM than others. In a short, this study revealed that high milk yielding cross breed cows are more likely to SCM after their 3rd calving.

Effect of Ciprofloxacin on Recovery and Conception Rate in infectious Repeat Breeder Crossbred Cows

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Ciprofloxacinin in 20 infectious repeat breeder crossbred cows brought to the AI centre of Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow and nearby Government AI centers. Animals were divided into two groups ten in each .The animals in first group were treated with Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride @ 4 mg/kg BW IU. The animals in control group were infused with 30 ml saline IU. Bacterial count, total Cellular count and PMNs values were reduced highly significantly (P Lass Than 0.01) in Ciprofloxacin treated group than in control group. 90.00 % cows under Ciprofloxacin treatment became negative to White side test. An overall conception rate of 70.00 per cent was found in Ciprofloxacin treated repeat breeder cross bred cows.

The Racial Position of European Immigrants 1883–1941: Evidence from Lynching in the Midwest

The racial position of European immigrants in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries vis-à-vis blacks and whites is debated. Some argue that many European immigrant groups were initially considered nonwhite, while others argue that they were almost always considered white, if sometimes still from a distinct intrawhite racial category. Using a new dataset of all lynchings in the American Midwest from 1883 to 1941, we explore differences in collective violence enacted upon three groups: native-born whites, blacks, and European immigrants. We find that European immigrants were lynched in ways, and at rates, much more similar to that of native whites than to those of blacks. Blacks in the Midwest were lynched at roughly 30 times the rate of native-born whites and European immigrants, and were sometimes ritually burned in massive “spectacle lynchings” while native whites and European immigrants were never burned. We find suggestive evidence that European immigrants were perceived to have posed threats to the political order. Our results suggest that, in the American Midwest, despite nativist othering, European immigrants were fully on the white side of the color line, and were protected from collective violence by their white status.