scholarly journals EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT GEOMETRICAL STRUCTURES ON THE SOIL DISTURBANCES AND WORKING RESISTANCES OF VERY NARROW TINES APPLIED ON NATURAL GRASSLAND

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Changbin He ◽  
Yong You ◽  
Hongjian Wu ◽  
Bingnan Ye ◽  
Decheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Geometrical Structures ◽  
Disturbed Soil ◽  
Draft Force ◽  
Tillage Method ◽  
Natural Grassland

Novel tillage tools with high working performance are desired in improving degraded natural grassland tillage system. This paper aimed to find the influence of various geometry structures of very narrow tines on related soil disturbance characteristics and tillage resistances. Four shank-type tillage tines with different cutting head shapes, and the test bench were designed and manufactured. Field experiments under different working depths were conducted. The working depth uniformity, soil over-turning rate, cross-section area of disturbed soil layer, and related forces were obtained, analysed, and compared. Results showed that, the working depth uniformities were above 70%, and soil overturning rates did not exceed 5%. Furrows with V-shaped cross-section were formed. The tine with an arc-shaped cutting edge (AT) obtained a lower draft force value, and the tine with chamfer structure (TTD) presented big differences on the draft force and soil disturbance compared to the tine with blunt cutting edge (TT). Both the draft force and the area of disturbed soil cross section had a good linear relationship with the working depth, and the specific draft force increased with the working depth increasing. Using a very narrow tine with chamfers to split and break the soil layer on the natural grassland without pulling or dragging the roots could be an appropriate tillage method applied for improving degraded natural grassland, but still need further surveys.

scholarly journals AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SOIL LAYER COUPLING FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS ON NATURAL GRASSLAND BY PASSIVE SUBSOILER-TYPE OPENERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changbin He ◽  
Yong You ◽  
Decheng Wang ◽  
Hongjian Wu ◽  
Bingnan Ye
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Failure Characteristics ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Cross Section Area ◽  
Section Area ◽  
Draft Force ◽  
Natural Grassland

Unclear soil layer coupling failure characteristics on natural grassland impeded the design and optimization of appropriate tillage tools. The coupling failure characteristics including surface disturbance and profile, disturbed cross-section area, soil over-turning rate, and coupling forces between the soil layer of natural grassland and selected passive subsoiler-type openers were investigated in this paper. Three single-shoot openers (i.e. CO, AO and WAO) and a test unit were designed, and furrow opening experiments under different working depths were conducted. Results showed that, along the passages, U-shaped disturbed cross-sections were usually created with soil-root clods overturned along the furrows. The roots were usually broken in a pulling or dragging way underground. Both disturbed cross-section area and draft force values increased with the working depth increasing linearly (R2≥0.93), contrary to the tendency of the specific draft force with the depth. Winged opener (i.e. WAO) had larger draft forces and disturbed soil layer cross-section areas than no-winged openers (i.e. AO and CO). The soil layer failure processes of the natural grassland were affected by its composite soil layer structure and the geometry parameters of the openers. The results provide original references for designing novel furrow openers applicable to improve degraded natural grassland.

Evaluation of Inter-Row Sweeps with Different Working Widths

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312
Author(s):  
Songül Gürsoy ◽  
Ying Chen
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Disturbed Soil ◽  
Draft Force ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Measurements ◽  
Soil Bin ◽  
Sweep Width ◽  
Mechanical Weed Control

Abstract. Little information is available on the performance of inter-row sweeps. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of inter-row sweeps for mechanical weed control. Sweeps with different working widths (153, 280, and 330 mm) were tested at different working speeds (0.70, 1.53, and 2.22 m s-1) and a constant working depth (50 mm) in an indoor soil bin with a sandy loam soil. Measurements included soil disturbance characteristics: distance of soil throw (L), width of disturbed soil (W), mass of soil throw (M), height of soil ridge (H), and draft force (Fd). Results showed that L increased linearly with the working speed, but L was not affected by the working width of the sweeps. In contrast, W was slightly affected by the speed, but it was significantly increased if a wider sweep was used. Effects of working speed on M and H depended on the sweep width, and the smallest sweep traveling at 2.22 m s-1 resulted in the highest M and H. Draft force was higher for a wider sweep and a higher working speed. Considering the potential weeding efficiency (defined as the ratio of W and Fd), the width of sweep would not make any differences, and a lower working speed would result in better performance. Keywords: Draft force, Inter-row, Soil disturbance, Speed, Sweep, Weeding.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF VIBRATION ON TILLAGE PERFORMANCE OF SUBSOILERS USING THE DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD (DEM)

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Zhiming Shi ◽  
Tonghao Chen ◽  
Shoutai Li ◽  
Ling Yang ◽  
Mingjin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Element Method ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Discrete Element ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Soil Model ◽  
High Production ◽  
Agricultural Plants ◽  
Upland Field ◽  
Experimental Values

Plow pan is one of the main obstacles to high production of agricultural plants in Chongqing, China. As a minimal tilling method, subsoiling can break the plow pan and help the growth of agricultural plants. There are two subsoiling methods: vibrating subsoiling (VS) and traditional subsoiling (TS). A soil model with upland field features in Chongqing was established for DEM-based simulation. The simulation was validated by field experiments, in items of soil looseness, coefficient of soil disturbance, and cross-section of tillage, the errors of the simulated and experimental values of the soil looseness and soil disturbance coefficient of TS and VS were 12.9% and 14.7%, respectively. Compared with TS, VS resulted in lower soil looseness, higher coefficient of soil disturbance, smaller width of upper furrow, and lighter damage of tillage layer, and no obvious overturn of soil blocks was observed for the VS. Compared with TS, vibration helps improve the tillage performance of subsoilers.

Cryogels as a solution to the issues of environmental management and trunk pipeline operation in Arctic

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-185
Author(s):  
Lyubov K. Altunina ◽  
◽  
Vladimir P. Burkov ◽  
Petr V. Burkov ◽  
Vitaly Y. Dudnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Thaw Cycle ◽  
Trunk Pipeline ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Spatial Lattice

In the Russian Arctic, a soil cryostructuring technique (i.e. strengthening of soil horizons with cryogel-based composite materials with no excavation of unstable soils required) seems to be showing promise. Experiments have proven that mechanical and thermal insulation properties attributed to cryogels make them appropriate for use in strengthening and thermally insulating the soil, while their structure makes it possible to form a stable vegetation cover. Field experiments have confirmed that cryostructuring efficiently strengthens the soil layer with cryogels stimulating soil microflora. An experience of using cryotropic compositions in the oil and gas sector was described. Notably, cryogels can be used to strengthen unstable soil foundations of trunk pipelines, as well as to bind soil (e.g. on slopes). In addition, cryogels are advised for use in engineering protection to prevent the uneven settlement of a trench base and its creep: thus, cryogels are pumped into the soil of the trench bottom base to create a support system representing a spatial lattice. After the first freeze and thaw cycle, cryotropic material is formed and then increases its strength and elasticity with each new cycle. More broadly, opportunities have been considered regarding cryogels used in various engineering and geological conditions, while taking into account the outcomes of landscape and territorial analysis. It was concluded that cryogel-based composite materials are a promising innovative scientific field expanding technological capabilities for developing and using spaces and resources in the Russian Arctic.

scholarly journals Effects of disk tillage on soil condition, crop yield and weed infestation

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
M. Birkás ◽  
T. Szalai ◽  
C. Gyuricza ◽  
M. Gecse ◽  
K. Bordás
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Levels

This research was instigated by the fact that during the last decade annually repeated shallow disk tillage on the same field became frequent practice in Hungary. In order to study the changes of soil condition associated with disk tillage and to assess it is consequences, long-term tillage field experiments with different levels of nutrients were set up in 1991 (A) and in 1994 (B) on Chromic Luvisol at Gödöllö. The effects of disk tillage (D) and disk tillage combined with loosening (LD) on soil condition, on yield of maize and winter wheat, and on weed infestation were examined. The evaluation of soil condition measured by cone index and bulk density indicated that use of disking annually resulted in a dense soil layer below the disking depth (diskpan-compaction). It was found, that soil condition deteriorated by diskpan-compaction decreased the yield of maize significantly by 20 and 42% (w/w), and that of wheat by 13 and 15% (w/w) when compared to soils with no diskpan-compaction. Averaged over seven years, and three fertilizer levels, the cover % of the total, grass and perennial weeds on loosened soils were 73, 69 and 65% of soils contained diskpan-compaction.

Soil stripping and replacement for the rehabilitation of bauxite-mined land at Weipa. I. Initial changes to soil organic matter and related parameters

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Schwenke ◽  
D. R. Mulligan ◽  
L. C. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Double Pass ◽  
Organic C ◽  
The Difference

At Weipa, in Queensland, Australia, sown tree and shrub species sometimes fail to establish on bauxite-mined land, possibly because surface-soil organic matter declines during soil stripping and replacement. We devised 2 field experiments to investigate the links between soil rehabilitation operations, organic matter decline, and revegetation failure. Experiment 1 compared two routinely practiced operations, dual-strip (DS) and stockpile soil, with double-pass (DP), an alternative method, and subsoil only, an occasional result of the DS operation. Other treatments included variations in stripping-time, ripping-time, fertiliser rate, and cultivation. Dilution of topsoil with subsoil, low-grade bauxite, and ironstone accounted for the 46% decline of surface-soil (0–10 cm) organic C in DS compared with pre-strip soil. In contrast, organic C in the surface-soil (0–10 cm) of DP plots (25.0 t/ha) closely resembled the pre-strip area (28.6 t/ha). However, profile (0–60 cm) organic C did not differ between DS (91.5 t/ha), DP (107 t/ha), and pre-strip soil (89.9 t/ha). Eighteen months after plots were sown with native vegetation, surface-soil (0–10 cm) organic C had declined by an average of 9% across all plots. In Experiment 2, we measured the potential for post-rehabilitation decline of organic matter in hand-stripped and replaced soil columns that simulated the DS operation. Soils were incubated in situ without organic inputs. After 1 year’s incubation, organic C had declined by up to 26% and microbial biomass C by up to 61%. The difference in organic C decline between vegetated replaced soils (Expt 1) and bare replaced soils (Expt 2) showed that organic inputs affect levels of organic matter more than soil disturbance. Where topsoil was replaced at the top of the profile (DP) and not ploughed, inputs from volunteer native grasses balanced oxidation losses and organic C levels did not decline.

scholarly journals SUSTAINABILITY OF PEDOBIONT MEADOW COMMUNITIES UNDER ANTHROPOGENIC LOAD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A. Gordienko ◽  
◽  
R.A. Sukhodolskaya ◽  
D.N. Vavilov ◽  
Yu.A. Lukyanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Soil Mesofauna ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Small Width ◽  
Disturbed Soil ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
Rapid Restoration ◽  
Litter Invertebrates ◽  
Large Soil

Studies of the soil mesofauna were carried out in Tanaev meadows of the «Nizhnyaya Kama» National Park in natural and disturbed areas. The abundance of pedobionts and herpetobionts in natural areas significantly exceeded the abundance in disturbed areas. However, the taxonomic composition and trophic structure were similar. In general, communities structure indexes in natural sites indicate a stable ecosystem of floodplain meadows. The observance of pipe laying technology during further restoration of disturbed areas, high soil moisture and a small width of the disturbed soil layer contribute to the preservation and rapid restoration of the structure and population of large soil and litter invertebrates of meadow phytocenosis.

scholarly journals The Effect of Anaerobic Digestate on the Soil Organic Carbon and Humified Carbon Fractions in Different Land-Use Systems in Lithuania

Land ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Alvyra Slepetiene ◽  
Mykola Kochiieru ◽  
Linas Jurgutis ◽  
Audrone Mankeviciene ◽  
Aida Skersiene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Carbon Fractions ◽  
Fertilization Effects

The most important component of agricultural system are soils as the basis for the growth of plants, accumulation of water, plant nutrients and organic matter. The main task of our research was to ascertain changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and mobile humified carbon fractions in digestate-treated soils. We have performed three field experiments using the same design on two soil types in 2019–2020. We studied the fertilization effects of different phases of digestate on Retisol and Fluvisol. Fertilization treatments: control; separated liquid digestate 85 kg ha−1 N; and 170 kg ha−1 170 N; separated solid digestate 85 kg ha−1 N; and 170 kg ha−1 N. We have found a greater positive effect on the increase in SOC because of the use of the maximum recommended fertilization rate of the solid digestate. The content of mobile humic substances (MHS) tended to increase in grassland and crop rotation field in digestate-treated soil. In our experiment, maximum concentration of SOC was found in 0–10 cm soil layer, while in the deeper layers the amount of SOC, MHS and mobile humic acids proportionally decreased. We concluded, that long-term factors as soil type and land use strongly affected the humification level expressed as HD (%) in the soil and the highest HD was determined in the grassland soil in Fluvisol.

Weeds, nitrogen and yield: measuring the effectiveness of an organic cover cropped vegetable no-till system

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Robb ◽  
Geoff Zehnder ◽  
Robin Kloot ◽  
William Bridges ◽  
Dara Park
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Soil N ◽  
No Till ◽  
Mechanical Methods

AbstractOrganic vegetable growers rely heavily on mechanical methods such as tillage and other forms of labor-intensive soil cultivation for weed management despite the negative effects to soil health associated with intensive soil disturbance. The use of cover crops and no-till (NT) vegetable production represents an alternative approach to weed control that can enhance rather than degrade soil health; however, there are challenges inherent with this practice and previous results in vegetable production have been mixed. Field experiments were conducted over 2 yr at the Clemson Student Organic Farm to examine the effects of tillage [NT versus conventional tillage (CT)] on weed development and management in organic tomato and summer squash production under different nitrogen (N) fertility regimes, and to assess soil N dynamics in both systems. Squash yields were similar between tillage treatments in both years. NT tomato yields were 43% greater than CT yields in 2014, whereas CT tomato yields were 46% greater than NT yields in 2015. Squash and tomato yields per unit of management labor (time) were significantly greater in NT compared with CT treatments for both years. There were no statistical differences in squash and tomato yields between N fertilization treatments in either year. Pre- and post-season soil N results were mixed. Pre-season soil N levels were significantly higher in NT tomato plots in 2014 but similar between tillage treatments in tomato plots in 2015 and in squash plots both years. Post-season soil N levels in tomato plots were similar between tillage treatments both years. Post-season soil N levels were significantly higher in NT squash plots in 2014 and in CT squash plots in 2015. Roller-crimped NT mulches provided adequate early-season weed suppression in both years and saved considerable weed management and seedbed preparation labor. Overall, the results demonstrated that organic NT is a viable method for reduced tillage summer vegetable production in the southeastern Piedmont region.

scholarly journals The spatial variability of soil water content in a potato field before and after spray irrigation in arid northwestern China

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 860-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Li ◽  
Jian-feng Zhang ◽  
Si-yuan Xiong ◽  
Rui-xi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Northwestern China ◽  
Potato Field ◽  
Arid Northwestern China

Abstract Assessing the spatial variability of soil water content is important for precision agriculture. To measure the spatial variability of the soil water content and to determine the optimal number of sampling sites for predicting the mean soil water content at different stages of the irrigation cycle, field experiments were carried out in a potato field in northwestern China. The soil water content was measured in 2016 and 2017 at depths of 0–20 and 20–40 cm at 116 georeferenced locations. The average coefficient of variation of the soil water content was 20.79% before irrigation and was 16.44% after irrigation at a depth of 0–20 cm. The spatial structure of the soil water content at a depth of 20–40 cm was similar throughout the irrigation cycle, but at a depth of 0–20 cm a relatively greater portion of the variation in the soil water content was spatially structured before irrigation than after irrigation. The autocorrelation of soil water contents was influenced by irrigation only in the surface soil layer. To accurately predict mean soil moisture content, 40 and 20 random sampling sites should be chosen with errors of 5% and 10%, respectively.

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