An audit experiment to investigate the “war on cops”: a research note

Objectives This study examines whether former police officers are stigmatized in the labor market, particularly following social unrest from lethal police violence. Methods We conduct an experimental audit study, both before and after heightened unrest from police violence. For service-related job openings, we compare the likelihood of getting an affirmative response from a prospective employer to a job application from a fictitious former police officer (the treatment condition) to the response to one of two control conditions: a former firefighter or a former code enforcement officer. Results We do not find evidence that former police officers are discriminated against in the labor market. This finding holds in periods characterized by relatively little social unrest due to police violence as well as periods of heightened protest activity. Conclusions At least with respect to the labor market for certain service-related professions, former police officers do not appear tainted by any stigma associated with their prior profession.

Impact of Hurricane Harvey on the Growth of Low Income, Ethnic Minority Adolescents

Objective: This study examined the differential impact of Hurricane Harvey on adolescent standardized Body Mass Index (zBMI), physical activity, diet, and perceived stress. Methods: Prior to Hurricane Harvey, 175 ethnic minority adolescents were recruited from an independent school district in Houston. Height and weight were directly measured. The School Physical Activity and Nutrition Questionnaire assessed diet and physical activity. Stress was assessed with the Perceived Stress Scale. High hurricane impact was classified as at least 1 affirmative response to house damage, rescue, displacement, or going without food, water, or medicine. Repeated measures such as ANCOVA models were developed to assess differences in zBMI, physical activity, diet, and stress between the hurricane impact groups. Regression models were used to assess stress as a mediator of the hurricane impact and zBMI change relationship. Results: Students who were highly impacted by the hurricane had a greater decrease in zBMI than those less impacted from pre-hurricane to 15 weeks post-hurricane (95% CI 0.02 to 0.25, p<0.05). Physical activity and diet did not differ by impact. Perceived stress at 3 weeks post-hurricane mediated the impact and zBMI change relationship (β=-0.04 95% CI -0.12 to -0.002). Conclusion: The decrease in zBMI among highly impacted students warrants further monitoring. Perceived stress, immediately following the hurricane, impacted student growth months later.

Development of Procedural Law Foundations of Justice in Administrative Cases in the Context of the New Codification of Administrative and Tort Legislation

The paper analyzes the necessity of a fundamental reform of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation with its division into two codes (a substantive part — the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation, and a procedural part — the Procedural Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation). With regard to the problem of modernization of procedural administrative and tort legislation, the author questions the main directions, objectives and prerequisites of the third codification in this field and draws the conclusion that the fundamental reform of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation with the division of it into two codes — material and procedural — is premature and, in fact, political decision not grounded by feasible research results. The author highlights that the Concept of the new Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation approved at the meeting of the Government of the Russian Federation in June 2019 primarily deals with the issues of reforming mainly substantive administrative and tort legislation, while proposals for the improvement of procedural regulation of administrative responsibility are not covered in details. The Concept does not contain information concerning the fact that instead of the current Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation two new codes — the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation (CAO) and the Procedural Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation (PCAO) — will be adopted.The author focuses on the analysis of the draft of the PCAO published on the website of the Ministry of Justice of Russia. Primarily, the paper highlights such provisions that deserve an affirmative response. However, the author devotes the most significant part of the study to the analysis of the conceptual shortcomings of the PCAO of the Russian Federation. Without elimination of these shortcomings, it can hardly been concluded that a complete and qualitative procedural and legal mechanism for the implementation of justice in the field of administrative and tort relations is established in the courts of general jurisdiction.

Beyond Hermes: Metaphysics in a New Key

The following pages engage a hermeneutic approach to African philosophy, focusing on the work of Tsenay Serequeberhan. At the heart of the discussion is the question of where to locate such an approach in the existing philosophical literature. Does this way of working render African philosophy a European enterprise? Giving an affirmative response, the writings of Paulin Hountondji, which draw upon Husserlian phenomenology, are taken up as an alternative response to questions raised here about the meaning and methods of hermeneutics. Ultimately, however, this perspective is also set aside. Instead, suggestions are put forward for the markers around which a contemporary African metaphysics, which is both restorative and creative, might be pursued.

Childhood maltreatment as a risk factor for cancer: Findings from a population-based survey of Canadian adults

Background: Childhood maltreatment (CM) is an established risk factor for various mental and substance use disorders. This study adds to existing evidence that CM may also be a risk factor for cancer. Methods: Based on data from a sample of 9,783 men and 12,132 women from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey - Mental Health (CCHS - MH), this analysis explores mediated associations between cancer in adulthood and different levels of exposure to three types of CM—childhood physical abuse (CPA), childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and childhood exposure to intimate partner violence (CEIPV). “Cancer” was defined as an affirmative response to either of these questions: ‘‘Do you have cancer?’’ or ‘‘Have you ever been diagnosed with cancer?’’ The potential mediators were: smoking, depression, alcohol abuse/dependence, life stress, obesity, and physical activity. Results: For women, but not men, having experienced CM was significantly associated with a cancer diagnosis in adulthood, even when effects due to age and socio-demographic characteristics were controlled. Smoking, life stress, depression, and alcohol abuse/dependence reduced the strength of the association between CM and cancer in women. However, most associations remained statistically significant when controlling for effects due to these behavioural and other mediators. Evidence indicated a “dose-response” relationship, in that the likelihood of reporting cancer increased with the number of abuse types (CPA, CSA, CEIPV) reported, and with the severity of CPA. Conclusions: The analyses suggest an association between CM and cancer in women, even when the effects of known risk factors were taken into account. The association was graded, becoming stronger as CM exposure increased. Implications for the provision of cancer screening and other health care services to women with histories of CM to reduce health disparities are discussed.

Menanggapi Hadis Perempuan Sebagai Imam Sholat dalam Perspektif Amina Wadud (Analisis Hermeneutika Feminis)

Isu-isu gender di era kontemporer kini marak diusung oleh beberapa tokoh Feminis, salah satunya yakni Amina Wadud. Berangkat dari konstruksi sosial yang dialami semasa hidupnya, dimana perempuan mendapatkan kedudukan di bawah laki-laki, ia memunculnya paradigma baru yang memperjuangkan hak-hak perempuan. Salah satu fenomena yang menimbulkan berbagai kontroversi dari pemikiran Amina Wadud yakni pelaksanaan sholat jumat di Amerika Serikat dimana dia menjadi imam sholat bagi jamaah yang terdiri dari laki-laki dan perempuan. Berbagai kritik datang dari beberapa ulama klasik terutama di bidang fikih mengenai hal tersebut. Pada redaksi hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Ummu Waraqah, hadis tersebut dinilai shahih derajatnya. Dalam hal ini, Amina Wadud memberikan tanggapan yang pro terhadap hadis tersebut dengan metodologi yang baru yakni hermeneutika feminisme.Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan analisis hermenutika feminisme yang dikembangkan Amina Wadud Muhsin dimana di dalamnya terdapat penelitian metodologis dan analitis untuk menelisik paradigma yang dibangun oleh Amina Wadud dalam menanggapi hadis tersebut.[On this article refers to issues gender in this contemporary era which is intensely brought by several feminist figures, one of them is Amina Wadud. According to the social construction during her lifetime, when women were subordinated over the man, therefore she brings a new paradigm which is the fight for women’s rights. One of the controversy phenomena from Amina Wadud’s thought is that she performs as imam during Jumah’s prayer for both men and women. Many critics come from several classic ulama, mainly in the fiqh field, concerning about that issue. On the redaction of hadith narrated by Ummu Waraqah, that is included to shahih based on the level. In this case, Amina Wadud gives an affirmative response regarding the hadith with a new methodology, Feminism Hermeneutic. In this observation, the author uses analysis of feminism hermeneutic that developed by Amina Wadud which includes the analytical and methodological observation to know the paradigm used by Amina in hadith.]

Childhood maltreatment as a risk factor for cancer: Findings from a population-based survey of Canadian adults

Background Childhood maltreatment (CM) is an established risk factor for various mental and substance use disorders. This study adds to existing evidence that CM may also be a risk factor for cancer. Methods Based on data from a sample of 9,783 men and 12,132 women from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey - Mental Health (CCHS - MH), this analysis explores mediated associations between cancer in adulthood and different levels of exposure to three types of CM—childhood physical abuse (CPA), childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and childhood exposure to intimate partner violence (CEIPV). “Cancer” was defined as an affirmative response to either of these questions: ‘‘Do you have cancer?’’ or ‘‘Have you ever been diagnosed with cancer?’’ The potential mediators were: smoking, depression, alcohol abuse/dependence, life stress, obesity, and physical activity. Results For women, but not men, having experienced CM was significantly associated with a cancer diagnosis in adulthood, even when effects due to age and socio-demographic characteristics were controlled. Smoking, life stress, depression, and alcohol abuse/dependence reduced the strength of the association between CM and cancer in women. However, most associations remained statistically significant when controlling for effects due to these behavioural and other mediators. Evidence indicated a “dose-response” relationship, in that the likelihood of reporting cancer increased with the number of abuse types (CPA, CSA, CEIPV) reported, and with the severity of CPA. Conclusions The analyses suggest an association between CM and cancer in women, even when the effects of known risk factors were taken into account. The association was graded, becoming stronger as CM exposure increased. Implications for the provision of cancer screening and other health care services to women with histories of CM to reduce health disparities are discussed.

Migraine among Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: Migraine is a psych neurological disorder that represents a remarkable global and international health problem due to its frequency and substantial disability. Migraine is highly prevalent among university students and it is accompanied with impaired academic performance and limited daily activities. We aimed to determine the prevalence of migraine among PNU students. Objectives: To Estimate the prevalence of migraine among PNU students, in medical and other (non-health) colleges, to identify its common triggers, and assess its severity and effects on the students’ life. Materials and Methods: This is cross-sectional, questionnaire based study, of convenient sampling technique. 523 students out of 539 participated students were included. Participants who had two or more headaches in the last 3 months formed the headache group. Afterwards, two preliminary questions were applied to the headache group and participants with at least one affirmative response were asked to perform the validated ID-Migraine test. Results: The mean age of the participants was 20.97±1.6 years; 448/523 students (85.7%) were screened positive for headache. Migraine was detected among 234/523 of the students (45%); 17% were medical and 55% were non-health colleges. Lack of sleep 89.3%, stress74.8%, and menstruation 46.6% were the most triggering factors of migraine. This study showed significant association between migraine headache and studying in non-health colleges (P =0.001). In medical students, the median pain level was III (moderate) and Migraine Disability Assessment Score was I (little). Conclusion and Recommendations: The prevalence of migraine among PNU students was high compared to other studies. Further studies should be carried out by neurologist for more knowledge about migraine among students’ population.

Ja aber – Korpusbasierte Beobachtungen zu einer pragmatisch beschreibbaren Konstruktion

In spoken conversation as well as in written texts we can find examples of a construction which has been the object of linguistic research for about 35 years and which has repeatedly been described under the names of ja-aber syntagma, ja-aber connection and ja-aber utterance pattern. In most analyses this construction is split into two parts: The ja-part is seen to convey (partial) consent, whereas the function of the aber-part is interpreted as (partial) objection. Falling back upon ja as affirmative response particle and aber as adversative conjunction, such analyses operate on semantically compositional principles. Additionally, the possibility of ja being a structuring particle is taken into consideration, where ja is supposed to ensure the mere connection of the part following the particle with the antecedent part. However, as this paper wants to show, compositional approaches like these tend to mislead studies to circular lines of arguments, in which presumptive findings are taken for presuppositions (petitio principii). Moreover, they seem to disregard actual usage of this construction, which can be ascertained with the help of corpora. Corpus-aided investigation of the construction in question shows that its semantic elaboration is dependent on two factors that go beyond compositional explanation attempts: (1) syntactical integration of the aber-part and (2) presence of negation in the aber-part. Not even in “classic” examples this construction can be semantically reduced to simple combinations of consent + objection, though. In order to reach appropriate results here, semantic analysis has to turn to pragmatically more adequate ways of description.