Assessment of 13 Gridded Precipitation Datasets for Hydrological Modeling in a Mountainous Basin

Precipitation measurement with high spatial and temporal resolution over highly elevated and complex terrain in the eastern part of Turkey is an essential task to manage the water structures in an optimum manner. The objective of this study is to evaluate the consistency and hydrologic utility of 13 Gridded Precipitation Datasets (GPDs) (CPCv1, MSWEPv2.8, ERA5, CHIRPSv2.0, CHIRPv2.0, IMERGHHFv06, IMERGHHEv06, IMERGHHLv06, TMPA-3B42v7, TMPA-3B42RTv7, PERSIANN-CDR, PERSIANN-CCS, and PERSIANN) over a mountainous test basin (Karasu) at a daily time step. The Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE), including its three components (correlation, bias, and variability ratio), and the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) are used for GPD evaluation. Moreover, the Hanssen-Kuiper (HK) score is considered to evaluate the detectability strength of selected GPDs for different precipitation events. Precipitation frequencies are evaluated considering the Probability Density Function (PDF). Daily precipitation data from 23 meteorological stations are provided as a reference for the period of 2015–2019. The TUW model is used for hydrological simulations regarding observed discharge located at the outlet of the basin. The model is calibrated in two ways, with observed precipitation only and by each GPD individually. Overall, CPCv1 shows the highest performance (median KGE; 0.46) over time and space. MSWEPv2.8 and CHIRPSv2.0 deliver the best performance among multi-source merging datasets, followed by CHIRPv2.0, whereas IMERGHHFv06, PERSIANN-CDR, and TMPA-3B42v7 show poor performance. IMERGHHLv06 is able to present the best performance (median KGE; 0.17) compared to other satellite-based GPDs (PERSIANN-CCS, PERSIANN, IMERGHHEv06, and TMPA-3B42RTv7). ERA5 performs well both in spatial and temporal validation compared to satellite-based GPDs, though it shows low performance in producing a streamflow simulation. Overall, all gridded precipitation datasets show better performance in generating streamflow when the model is calibrated by each GPD separately.

Utilize BIM Technology for Achiveing Sustainable Passengers Terminal in Baghdad International Airport

The construction of airport infrastructures usually consumes huge amount of energy. In fact, the airport buildings are among the largest energy consumers entities due to their huge size and special operation pattern as well as their unique configuration that facilitate the large number of accommodated passengers. Despite the local energy shortage in Iraq in the last two decades, there is a quite scarce number of researches that deal with sustainable airport buildings. The aim of this research is to analyze the terminal building in Baghdad International Airport in order to find out the best set of modifications that result in an optimal energy consumption and least carbon dioxide emissions. The analysis was conducted by the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology and the associated programs such as; Auto desk Revit 2021 and Auto desk Insight 360, in order to determine the optimal strategies by which the most applicable alternative construction materials and procedures are considered in order to obtain an environmentally and economically sustainable airport terminal buildings. By applying this analysis on Nineveh terminal building in Baghdad International Airport revealed that many alternatives are capable of making tangible reduction in the Energy Use Intensity (EUI). Such reductions are noticed when altering, in the optimum manner, the windows configurations in terms of size, glazing type, and shadings. The alteration of construction materials for walls and roofs also reduces the EUI. It was also found out that the change in lighting control systems and lighting efficiency may reduce EUI. But the major impact could be resulted when altering the Heating/Ventilating/ Air conditioning Systems (HVAC) in the optimum manner which reduces the EUI by 67.15kw/m2/year, and the proper use of photovoltaic panels which provides a sustainable electricity and reduces EUI by 57.08 kWh/m2/year. Accordingly; in the quest of the best procedure to develop a sustainable terminal building, it is highly recommended to alter the HVAC systems and the utilization of the photovoltaic panels on rooftops.

Evolving Mechanisms for Rehabilitation of offenders through Probation as an alternative to Punishment in Judicial system of Pakistan

Crime and punishment have always been considered as two sides of the same coin. In the primitive legal systems, the real object of inflicting punishment was deterrent and retributive, however, with the evolution of concepts of rights and civil liberties the restorative justice movement started gaining momentum in criminal administration of justice, the need to reconsider the objects of punishment has arisen and various theories were evolved to juxtapose these two extremes in such an optimum manner that ends of administration of justice could best be achieved. This article aims to find out the ways for proper implementation of probation laws to make community service as an alternative to crude punishment which seemed to have ignored the very object of punishment i.e., reformation for the betterment of society

Supply Chain Management Perspective on Shortages in Drugs Sourcing

Drug supply shortages globally make hospitals vulnerable. It effects service delivery and patient satisfaction apart from endangering lives. Further, drug sourcing to ensure supply to satisfy patients' needs is a strategic priority for any health care system in any country. Katutura hospital and Namibia is no exception. However, frequent drug shortages have created difficulty in ensuring patients get prescribed medication. Adopting a descriptive research design, pharmacists, and nurses were surveyed and 22 questionnaires were distributed out of which 21 (95%) responded in full. The main objective of this study was to identify the causes of the drug supply shortage from a supply chain perspective and suggest strategies to deal with the shortage in an optimum manner. The findings reveal supply chain disruption, management inefficiencies, are inadequate inventory management are some of the main causes for drug supply shortage resulting in difficulties and inefficiencies for proper drug delivery and supply.

Facing safety challenges towards smart ships and ports

Following the global concern and IMO directives, in particular for greener shipping, ships and ports tend to become more efficient in terms of environmental friendliness, energy consumption as well as services provided. This paper deals with facing the challenges emerged within this framework, as in the ship case, certain retrofitting works have to take place onboard a ship such as the installation of water ballast treatment systems, scrubbers, cold-ironing facilities, and LED lights. The paper discusses the necessity to perform a number of studies (e.g. harmonic distortion, short-circuit, arc-flash etc) so that major safety requirements are met, while on the other hand, the electric energy system has to be tuned to a significant extent so that it operates in an optimum manner which is most often interpreted as minimum fuel consumption and emissions. Further, the paper makes a similar discussion for the case of the ports.

On the time scales and structure of Lagrangian intermittency in homogeneous isotropic turbulence

We present a study of Lagrangian intermittency and its characteristic time scales. Using the concepts of flying and diving residence times above and below a given threshold in the magnitude of turbulence quantities, we infer the time spectra of the Lagrangian temporal fluctuations of dissipation, acceleration and enstrophy by means of a direct numerical simulation in homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. We then relate these time scales, first, to the presence of extreme events in turbulence and, second, to the local flow characteristics. Analyses confirm the existence in turbulent quantities of holes mirroring bursts, both of which are at the core of what constitutes Lagrangian intermittency. It is shown that holes are associated with quiescent laminar regions of the flow. Moreover, Lagrangian holes occur over few Kolmogorov time scales while Lagrangian bursts happen over longer periods scaling with the global decorrelation time scale, hence showing that loss of the history of the turbulence quantities along particle trajectories in turbulence is not continuous. Such a characteristic partially explains why current Lagrangian stochastic models fail at reproducing our results. More generally, the Lagrangian dataset of residence times shown here represents another manner for qualifying the accuracy of models. We also deliver a theoretical approximation of mean residence times, which highlights the importance of the correlation between turbulence quantities and their time derivatives in setting temporal statistics. Finally, whether in a hole or a burst, the straining structure along particle trajectories always evolves self-similarly (in a statistical sense) from shearless two-dimensional to shear bi-axial configurations. We speculate that this latter configuration represents the optimum manner to dissipate locally the available energy.

Using Multi-Channel Human-System Interaction for User-Centered Product Design

User-centered product design (UCPD) and especially its methods and tools offer a lot of benefits to product development. By using specific data of the user group or by including them into the design process, systems with better functionality and usability arise. However, including the users in an optimum manner means to include them over the whole product development process, which is costly and often too time-consuming regarding the ever shorter product life cycles. An extensive application of UCPD methods is therefore usually not practical for industry. In order to (1) support the user-centered development process in general and (2) support the selection of appropriate UCPD methods, a multi-channel human-system interaction framework is proposed. It is derived from existing human-computer and human-machine interaction models and further includes additional factors influencing the human-system interaction. However, the framework itself needs further and more detailed elaboration and discussion and currently lacks an allocation of UCPD methods.

Analisis Pemenuhan Hak Dasar Anak Pada Program “Kota Layak Anak” Di Kecamatan Gading Cempaka, Bengkulu

The purpose of this research is to find and to analyzes the fulfillment of the basic rights on child based on the regulation of the state minister for women empowerment and child protection of the republic of Indonesia No. 12 of 2011 on indicators district of a city worthy of child. The research was done in 2 areas which is located in Gading Cempaka Subdistrict, they are in Cempaka Permai and Lingkar Baratvillage. Research conducted with qualitative approach and data was collected throughout observation, interview , FGD and study document . The result is a). In the both of areas have not had children forum which can directly accommodate the aspirations of children and do not involve children (age category of teenagers) on the activities and deliberations or work programs that exist in the environment RT or RW. b). In the both of areas has not been in the region of the unavailability of two consulting agencies for parents/family and child welfare agencies. c). In the both of areas has not been in an optimum manner use of leisure time and cultural activities it was found problems yet the number of program activity level of RT and RW aimed at maximizing the potential of children, as well as the unavailability of Green Open Space (RTH) as playing area that is safe and comfortable for children. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah menemukenali serta menganalisis pemenuhan hak dasar pada anak yang didasarkan pada Peraturan Menteri Negara Pemberdayaan Perempuandan Perlindungan Anak Republik Indonesia No. 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Indikator Kabupaten Kota Layak Anak. Penelitian dilakukan di 2 kawasan yang berada di Kecamatan Gading Cempaka, yakni Kelurahan Cempaka Permai dan Kelurahan Lingkar Barat. Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengambilan informan melalui purposive dan snowball sampling. Adapun teknik pengambilan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, FGD dan studi dokumen. Temua penelitian menunjukkan bahwa a). Kedua wilayah penelitian belum memiliki forum anak yang dapat mengakomodir aspirasi anak secara langsung serta belum melibatkan anak khususnya anak kategori usia remaja pada kegiatan dan musyawarah ataupun program kerja yang ada di lingkungan RT/RW maupun kelurahan, b). Di dua kawasan tersebut belum tersedia lembaga konsultasi bagi orang tua/keluarga dan lembaga kesejahteraan anak. c). Belum banyaknya program kegiatan di tingkat RT dan RW yang ditujukan untuk memaksimalkan potensi anak serta belum tersedianya kawasan Ruang terbuka Hijau (RTH) sebagai kawasan bermain yang amandan nyaman bagi anak.

Analisis Pemenuhan Hak Dasar Anak Pada Program “Kota Layak Anak” Di Kecamatan Gading Cempaka, Bengkulu

The purpose of this research is to find and to analyzes the fulfillment of the basic rights on child based on the regulation of the state minister for women empowerment and child protection of the republic of Indonesia No. 12 of 2011 on indicators district of a city worthy of child. The research was done in 2 areas which is located in Gading Cempaka Subdistrict, they are in Cempaka Permai and Lingkar Baratvillage. Research conducted with qualitative approach and data was collected throughout observation, interview , FGD and study document . The result is a). In the both of areas have not had children forum which can directly accommodate the aspirations of children and do not involve children (age category of teenagers) on the activities and deliberations or work programs that exist in the environment RT or RW. b). In the both of areas has not been in the region of the unavailability of two consulting agencies for parents/family and child welfare agencies. c). In the both of areas has not been in an optimum manner use of leisure time and cultural activities it was found problems yet the number of program activity level of RT and RW aimed at maximizing the potential of children, as well as the unavailability of Green Open Space (RTH) as playing area that is safe and comfortable for children. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah menemukenali serta menganalisis pemenuhan hak dasar pada anak yang didasarkan pada Peraturan Menteri Negara Pemberdayaan Perempuandan Perlindungan Anak Republik Indonesia No. 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Indikator Kabupaten Kota Layak Anak. Penelitian dilakukan di 2 kawasan yang berada di Kecamatan Gading Cempaka, yakni Kelurahan Cempaka Permai dan Kelurahan Lingkar Barat. Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengambilan informan melalui purposive dan snowball sampling. Adapun teknik pengambilan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, FGD dan studi dokumen. Temua penelitian menunjukkan bahwa a). Kedua wilayah penelitian belum memiliki forum anak yang dapat mengakomodir aspirasi anak secara langsung serta belum melibatkan anak khususnya anak kategori usia remaja pada kegiatan dan musyawarah ataupun program kerja yang ada di lingkungan RT/RW maupun kelurahan, b). Di dua kawasan tersebut belum tersedia lembaga konsultasi bagi orang tua/keluarga dan lembaga kesejahteraan anak. c). Belum banyaknya program kegiatan di tingkat RT dan RW yang ditujukan untuk memaksimalkan potensi anak serta belum tersedianya kawasan Ruang terbuka Hijau (RTH) sebagai kawasan bermain yang amandan nyaman bagi anak.

Novel Design of a Precision Planter for a Robotic Assistant Farmer

Farming consumes considerable energy, natural resources and intensive human labor. Robotic assisted farmer can make farming activities more precise and more efficient; particularly it may remedy shortage of farmers in the future. A planter is a mechanism which performs precision seeding. Design of a planter in the optimum manner that needs minimum draft force when attached to a mobile robot, was the main objective of this work. A planter was developed, fabricated and tested in the course of a research project. The main motivation for this research is the fact that a mobile robot, is an electric powered vehicle with limited power and pulling force. Thus, a customized planter with a customized connection mechanism should be designed that can be pulled by mobile robot. The developed planter should have the same efficiency as the existing planters in seeding. To study the interaction between soil engagement tool (disc coulter) and soil, experiments were performed in the Linear Soil Bin. Different parameters of the disc coulter were changed and the draft force, vertical force and side force were measured. The results of the experiments were used to find the optimum parameters of the disc that caused minimum draft force. A novel planter was designed and fabricated; it was attached to a mobile robot, and field tested. Tests performed in outdoor and indoor settings showed satisfactory results. Draft force developed on the planter was close to analytical value and performance of the planter in other aspects was as expected.