PSYCHOLINGUISTSC DIRECTION OF APPEALS IN THE LETTERS OF LESIA UKRAINKA

In this article, we have substantiated the function of appeals in the letters of Lesya Ukrainka. We have studied the outgoing correspondence to Olga Kobylyanskaya. We analyzed the psycholinguistic orientation of appeals, conditions and factors of influence on the formation of linguistic products. We decoded the psychological meanings of the addresses and we interpreted the emotional saturation of specific units. It is a fact: writing is a fundamental unit of the epistolary text, within the framework of which the real traditions and relationships of correspondents are deciphered and interpreted. The formation of appeals, their appearance, emotional saturation is influenced by the personal and internal vicissitudes of the participants in communication and the social language environment. The issue of the peculiarities of the functioning of appeals in the letters of Lesya Ukrainka through multi-vector prisms is highlighted in the works of many linguists, in particular in the editions of S. Bogdan (semantic-syntactic, linguocultural, psycholinguistic and other aspects).), G. Arkulishin (lexical and semantic aspect), N. Zhuravleva (individual author's and one-time awards), etc. The purpose and objectives of the study is to identify and analyze the texts of personal outgoing correspondence of Lesya Ukrainka, in particular, correspondence with Olga Kobylyanskaya, to determine the psycholinguistic characteristics of the appeals in these letters and to study the emotional and expressive nature of linguistic neoplasms. Special attention is paid to appeals, expressed in a variety of ways, in which the conotativity and expressiveness of semantic linguistic units are encoded. In the letters of Lesya Ukrainka, a more intimate mood of communication is activated, expressed, in particular, in the existence of diminutive-affectionate and psychologically deep ones in the epistolary. The psychology of the ethnos is realized in the epistolary text through the use of well-grounded adjectives that give the language of writing a kind of folk song, folklore coloring. The etymological analysis of Olga Kobylyanskaya's references helps to create a complex psychological portrait of the addressee. So, great importance in the formation of opinions and the formation of thinking of Lesya Ukrainka is played by his education, social circle, interests, desires, activities and psychological organization.

The Requirements For Students’s Independent Work

Independent work is one of the key parts of developing students’ learning activities as it develops students ’cognitive and learning process and leads to the ability to apply their knowledge in practice. Independent work is a means of involving students in the process of independent learning, its logical and psychological organization. To reach the outcome, methods and techniques should be provided for students to organize their learning.

Motivation, Will, Goal Setting and the Growth of Sportsmanship of Middle and Long Distance Runners

The article presents the results of a study aimed at analyzing the characteristics of the psychological organization of sports activities of middle and long distances runners. Based on a level analysis of sports activities, a questionnaire was developed and used to collect data to assess the characteristics of motivation, volitional and intentional-arbitrary goal-setting among athletes. Standardized methods were also used: “a questionnaire to identify the severity of self-control in the emotional sphere, activity and behavior”; “Scale of control over the action” by J. Kuhl; methods of self-assessment of the volitional qualities of a person; “The test of meaningful life orientations.” Calculations were made of the rank correlation between indicators on questionnaire scales and the level of sportsmanship in female and male samples. Significant directions of changes in motivation, goal-setting and volitional qualities in female and male samples were identified, as- sociated with the improvement of sports qualifications.

The Characteristics Of Arabic Language Textbooks Of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

This research aims to describe the various main angles that become potential which include: 1) Principles for preparing teaching materials, 2) Organization of teaching materials, 3) Language skills 4) Learning objectives and 5) Types of evaluations, which are applied in Arabic textbooks of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah in Malang. This research can be categorized as descriptive research. The content analysis research strategy is seen as the right strategy to draw the valid conclusions from a book or document. The results of the research are: 1) The principles of teaching materials applied in the preparation of the books: valid, meaningful, tendency and concern, worthy to be studied and having global principles. 2) The organization of teaching materials applied in the preparation of the books is a logical and psychological organization. 3) The language skills and aspects applied in the preparation of the books are mufrodat, istima ', kalam, qiro'ah, and kitabah. 4) The learning objectives formulated in the books are students' abilities in identifying hijaiyah letter sounds on the material presented, discovering the meaning of oral or written discourse, and being able to have dialogue in Arabic language, and 5) The types of evaluations that are applied in the books are: a) making questions based on the available answers, b) answering questions by choosing the correct answer, c) interpreting mufrodat, d) writing sentences and their meanings, e) composing words to be a perfect sentence, f) translating Indonesian sentences into Arabic, g) translating from Arabic into Indonesian, h) completing empty sentences to be perfect sentences, i) writing Arabic numbers, j) connecting mufrodat which has opposite meaning, and k) give harokat to a word.

PENGUATAN KURIKULUM DAN PEMBELAJARAN GEOGRAFI

Artikel ini berisi gagasan untuk penguatan kurikulum mata pelajaran Geografi sebagai jantungnya pendidikan (heart of education) dan pedoman dalam pembelajaran. Walaupun mata pelajaran geografi belum mendapatkan posisi dan porsi yang semestinya di dalam kurikulum di Indonesia, bukanlah alasan bagi pendidik geografi untuk mengajarkan geografi apa adanya. Justru dengan kondisi tersebut mendorong semangat guru geografi sebagai “talented teacher” untuk berbuat optimal dalam kondisi minimal. Untuk mewujudkan hal tersebut, dipandang perlu untuk menyepakati ruang lingkup materi geografi dan urutan penyajiannya (scope and sequence) yang disesuaikan dengan tingkatan kompetensi, perkembangan aspek intelektual dan psikologi peserta didik (psychological organization) dan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi (IPTEK). Termasuk aspek materi prasyarat sebagai schemata dasar/pre-requisite/cognitive entry behavior bagi peserta didik. Gagasan difokuskan pada penempatan materi langkah penelitian Geografi dan Pengetahuan dasar Peta. Disamping itu, guru sebagai ‘leader of change” perlu mengembangkan pembelajaran geografi yang menyenangkan dan menantang, memberi ruang kepada peserta didik untuk mengembangkan berbagai potensinya untuk menjadi pribadi yang diinginkan (what man can become) sebagai persiapan menuju generasi emas 2045.

Conclusion

This chapter rearticulates many of the major ideas and arguments in the proceeding chapters. But it also connects one of the primary conclusions of the book up with a debate in ethics over what the structure and form of ethical theories should look like. The proceeding chapters show that one possible form that an ethical theory can take is a loose confederacies of different models and frameworks that apply to different levels of social and psychological organization.

Centrality of the Concept of Representation in Sociotherapy

“Representation” is a relevant concept in many scientific disciplines, from linguistics to social psychology, but in sociotherapy, a branch of sociology dedicated to the intervention on individuals in situations of addiction or hardship of social origin, it becomes absolutely central. There are different approaches to sociotherapy, from the original one of Rudolf Steiner (1924), to those of Marshal Edelson (1970) and John Stuart Whiteley (1986), but it is the more recent one of Leonardo Benvenuti (2002) to fully integrate the concepts of “culture,” “discourse” and “representation.” This author, underlining the limited range of psychoanalysis, focuses his idea of therapy both on “culture,” interpreted as identification of the peculiar form of psychological organization of the patient as precondition to any intervention, and on “discourse” as method of interaction based on a dialogue supported by the phenomenological tool of “empathy.” The whole dialogue between the therapist and the patient is aimed to reach a complete knowledge of the system of “representations” of the latter. Benvenuti defines a “representation” as the combination of a cognitive element, the “image,” and an affective element, the “affective investment.” He looks for the roots of hardship or addiction in one or more “representations” of the patient, and this is the reason why they always must be unveiled and investigated. Only the successful intervention of the therapist on these representations and their correction in a desirable way may ensure the patient the acquisition of the needed level of autonomy and therefore the success of therapy.

Loss and Mourning in the Jewish Tradition

Robert Kastenbaum was a man who helped reintroduce issues related to death, dying, and bereavement to academic, clinical, and general discourse. This article, devoted to an encounter with the observance of mourning custom and ritual in the Jewish tradition, continues the dialogue in this journal that Bob founded. The article utilizes the Two-Track Model of Bereavement to address the Jewish tradition's structuring of the loss experience. After a brief introduction, I present a schematic presentation of some of the issues operant in grief and mourning for the believer. This is followed by two responses to loss that portray the pain of loss in the tradition. The article goes on to consider the Jewish time cycle of response to loss—from preburial Aninut, to Shiva, the first week, to Shloshim, the first month, to Shanah, the first year, to the expectations for encounters across the life cycle. The Yizkor and Kaddish are also considered. In the Jewish tradition, alongside attention to what level of functioning to require of the bereaved, there are lifelong opportunities to rework and maintain connection to the memories, associations, narratives, and experiences that comprise the psychological organization of the continuing bond and relationship to the deceased.

L'uso del modello dell'attaccamento individuale nel lavoro di coppia basato sulla psicologia del sé/intersoggettiva

- In this article Shelley Doctors presents an effective synthesis of three different theoretical contributions in the contemporary psychoanalytic field: Self Psychology, Intersubjective Perspective, Attachment Theory and the effects resulting from similar combination about Psychoanalytic Couples Treatment. In her paper, Doctors summarizes and redefines, compares and differentiates the basic concepts of the different theories with particular reference to organizing principles, to internal working models, narrative themes and to Bowlby's Attachment Theory. The paper states and demonstrates through a clinical vignette, how recognizing the internal working models aids the couples treatment based on Self Psychological/intersubjective theory. According to Doctors "the psychological organization emerging from the negotiation of attachment needs can be a ‘royal road' for the intersubjective understanding".

Sopravvivenza e ripresa: riflessioni psicoanalitiche

- In response to a concern that the impact of the Holocaust will not be recognized by psychotherapists treating survivors, several psychoanalysts who were refugees from Nazi Germany devoted a great deal of time and effort to detailing the psychopathological consequences of the Holocaust trauma. Considering the magnitude of the trauma, it was not difficult to find evidence of psychopathology. However, because of their almost exclusive emphasis on psychopathology, most of these researchers failed to recognize the particular manner in which survivors mourned their enormous losses and made an effort to integrate their painful memories into the rest of their personality. This meant the loss of an opportunity to learn about the process of recovery following severe traumatization. The paper also described a hypothesis regarding the psychological mechanisms involved in adaptations to extreme conditions. From the author's point of view, this constituted a link in the survivors' effort to establish psychic continuity between their pre-Holocaust psychological organization and adaptations to a new life. Unlike her colleagues, the author believes that integration of traumatic memories was possible as long as the survivors encountered an empathic listening perspective and their effort to recover was validated. Survivors of trauma have every reason to expect that their stories will evoke fear, confusion, horror and disbelief and that therapists will protect themselves from these affects by resorting to generalizations or praise for the survivor's heroism or special qualities. Such responses however make it impossible for survivors to proceed, and the affects associated with the traumatic memory may never, or only partially, enter the therapeutic dialogue. Once recovered and articulated, the memories are accompanied by grief and anger, indicating that an increase in self-cohesion, a healing of the vertical split, has allowed the previously feared affects to enter consciousness. From the author's viewpoint, feeling anger is an expectable and healthy response in this context. Justified anger is not to be confused with chronic narcissistic rage, which can constitute the nucleus of severe personality disorders.Key words: Holocaust, trauma, traumatic memories, adaptation, integration, empathic listening.Parole chiave: Olocausto, trauma, ricordi traumatici, adattamento, integrazione, ascolto empatico.