PERILAKU ALTRUISTIK TOKOH UTAMA DALAM NOVEL BEKISAR MERAH KARYA AHMAD TOHARI (ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOR OF MAIN CHARACTERS IN NOVEL BEKISAR RED KARYA AHMAD TOHARI)

Altruistic Behavior of the Main Figure in the Novel Bekisar Merah by Ahmad Tohari. The purpose of this study is to obtain a description of the altruistic behavior of the main character in Ahmad Tohari's Bekisar Merah novel. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to describe the altruistic behavior of the main character in the context of social and kinship norms. The analysis used as the basis for this research is literary psychology. This theory focuses on the textual approach, namely the literary psychology approach that addresses the psychological aspects of characters in literary works. This theory is used to analyze and describe the altruistic behavior of the main character in the novel Bekisar Merah. The results of this study indicate that altruistic behavior in the novel Bekisar Merah is represented in the figure of Lasi as the axis of storytelling. This altruistic behavior is evidenced by the actions of the Lasi character in helping other characters in a pure, sincere manner, without expecting anything in return (benefit) for himself. This behavior is manifested in the form of altruistic behavior in the context of social norms and in the context of kinship norms. Altruistic behavior of the main character in the context of social norms found only four aspects of motivation to help, namely: (1) the presence of a model, (2) the presence of other people, (3) helping people they like, and (4) the presence of a mood. The altruistic behavior of the main character in the context of kinship norms is found in three motivations to help, namely (1) aspects of relative protection (kin altruism), (2) biological altruism, and (3) aspects of sexual orientation. Key Words: behavior, altruistic, character, bekisar merahAbstrak Perilaku Altruistik Tokoh Utama dalam Novel Bekisar Merah Karya Ahmad Tohari. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan perilaku altruistik tokoh utama dalam konteks norma sosial dan kekerabatan. Analisis yang digunakan sebagai dasar dalam penelitian ini adalah psikologi sastra. Teori ini menitikberatkan pada pendekatan tekstual, yaitu pendekatan psikologi sastra yang membahas aspek psikologi tokoh dalam karya sastra. Teori ini digunakan untuk menganalisis dan mendeskripsikan perilaku altruistik tokoh utama novel Bekisar Merah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perilaku altruistik dalam novel Bekisar Merah terwakilkan dalam sosok Lasi sebagai poros penceritaan. Perilaku altruistik ini dibuktikan melalui tindakan tokoh Lasi dalam menolong tokoh lain secara murni, tulus, tanpa mengharapkan balasan (manfaat) apa pun untuk dirinya. Perilaku tersebut terwujud dalam bentuk perilaku altruistik dalam konteks Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra dan Pembelajarannya Vol 11, No 2, Oktober 2021 ISSN 2089-0117 (Print) Page 213 - 223 ISSN 2580-5932 (Online) 214 ǀ Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra dan Pembelajarannya norma sosial dan dalam konteks norma kekerabatan. Perilaku altruistik tokoh utama dalam konteks norma sosial hanya ditemukan empat aspek motivasi untuk menolong, yaitu: (1) adanya model, (2) adanya kehadiran orang lain, (3) menolong orang yang disukai, dan (4) adanya suasana hati. Perilaku altruistik tokoh utama dalam konteks norma kekerabatan ditemukan dalam tiga motivasi untuk menolong, yaitu (1) aspek perlindungan kerabat (kin altruism), (2) aspek biologik (biological altruism), dan (3) aspek orientasi seksual. Kata-kata kunci: perilaku, altruistik, tokoh, bekisar merah

On the topic: Typical behavioral disorders and causes and occurrences

The article analyzes typical behavioral disorders - this is hyperactive behavior (due mainly to the neurodynamic characteristics of the child), as well as demonstrative, protest, aggressive, infantile, conformal and symptomatic behavior (in the occurrence of which the determining factors are the conditions of learning and development, the style of relationships with adults, characteristics family education). The author examines the causes of behavior deviations. Key words: behavior, deviance, personality defects, hyperactive behavior. Demonstrative behavior Protestant behavior Aggressive behavior Infantile behavior Conformal behavior Symptomatic behavior

A COMPARISON OF THE EXPLANATORY PRACTICES OF MENTALISM AND BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS

Mentalism is an orientation to the causal explanation of behavior in which the causes are inferred to be unobservable structures from a non-behavioral domain. Typically, the structures are held to underlie behavior, and the domain is that of “mind.” In some but not all cases, mentalism subscribes to traditional psychophysical or substance dualism. Arguments that mental explanations are at the theoretical or conceptual level fail to consider the source of the explanation in question. Behavior analysts oppose mentalism on pragmatic, rather than ontological grounds: mentalism impedes a genuine science of behavior contributing to prediction and control by misleading scientists and inducing them to accept ineffective explanations of their subject matter. Key words: behavior analysis, explanation, mentalism, scientific method, theory, verbal behavior.

Maternal-calf relationships and their influence on calves up to 120 days

Objectives. To research parental behavior and measure the weight of Nelore and Guzerat calves up to 120 days of age, collecting data from birth up to the first lactation. Materials and methods. Seven different corporal positions were considered to obtain specific data for each of the following categories: time to stand (TP), time to intend to feed after standing (TPTM), weight at birth (PN), weight at 120 days (P120), and time in contact with the calf (TCC). Additionally, independent variables were also evaluated, organized by class: weight at birth (CPN), number of calvings (CNP), order of calving in relation with the herd (CLPR), time of calving (CHP), and finally, hindering to feed (CTAT). Results. There was a significant result in favor of the Nelore race over the Guzerat race. The statistical averages for Nelore and Guzerat were: Time to stand averaged 71 and 153 minutes; time to intend to feed after standing, 39 minutes for Nelore and of 114 minutes for Guzerat. For variable weight at 120 days, Nelore reached an average of 122 kg, and Guzerat 109 kg. For the time in contact with the calf variable there was no significant variance between races. Conclusions. Results showed the superiority of the Nelore race, considering it better adapted to local environmental conditions. Key words: Behavior, calves, suckling, well being (Source: CAB).

Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Infeksi Schistosoma Japonicum di Napu Poso Sulawesi Tengah Tahun 2006

Penyakit schistosomiasis menempati rengking ke dua setelah malaria sebagai masalah sosial ekonomi dan kesehatan masyarakat di daerah tropis dan sub tropis. Prevalensi Schistosomiasis di Napu pada tahun 2004 (1,71%) masih tinggi dan cenderung meningkat. Hal tersebut didiukung oleh infection rate pada keong sebagai host intermediet yang tinggi (16.3%) yang menunjukkan bahwa penularan masih terus terjadi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan pemanfaatan air sungai/ parit dengan infeksi Schistosoma japonicum di Napu Poso Sulawesi Tengah. Penelitian dengan disain studi kasus kontrol ini menggunakan sumber data sekunder hasil survey tinja dan pengamatan dengan metode Katto Katz di Napu tahun 2006. Kasus adalah responden dengan tinja yang mengandung telur cacing Schistosoma menurut, sedangkan control adalah responden dengan tinja yang tidak ditemukan telur cacing Schistosoma. Metoda analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik ganda dengan ukuran asosiasi Odd Rasio dan uji Kai Kuadrat. Penelitian ini menemukan Hubungan antara perilaku pemanfaatan air sungai/parit dengan infeksi Schistosoma japonicum setelah disesuaikan terhadap perancu yaitu penggunaan sepatu boot dan pemanfaatan jamban OR=2,31 (95%CI : 1,22-4,36).Kata kunci: Perilaku, air sungai, schistosomiasisAbstractSchistosomiasis occupies second rank after malaria as soacial-economic and public health problem in tropical and sub-tropical areas. In 2004, Schistosomiasis prevalence in Napu is considered high at 1.71% and tends to increase. This is supported by high infection rate at snail as intermediate host (16.3%). In general, one who infected by Schistosoma is those with habit related to the use of river water. The objective of this research is to know the relationship between risk factor of the use of river water/ditch with infection of Schistosoma japonicum in Napu, Poso, Central Sulawesi province. The source of data used in this study is survey of Schistosoma using Katto Katz method in Napu in the year 2006. Cases are respondents whose faeces contained Schistosoma egg while controls are those whose faeces did not contain Schistosoma egg. The result shows positive correlation between behavior of using river water/ditch with infection of Schistosoma japonicum after confounder control with OR=2,31 (95%CI : 1,22-4,36).Key words: Behavior, river water, and schistosomiasis.

AN APPROACH RESPONSE OF PIGLETS TO THE SOW'S NURSING VOCALIZATIONS

The approach response of piglets to recorded sow nursing vocalizations was tested in a T-maze. Sixty-nine percent of piglets 1–14 d of age approached the vocalizations. Neither age nor experience nor hunger affected the strength of this response. An approach response to sow vocalizations may be important for the contiguity of the litter, and for the elicitation of the approach response of piglets in nursings initiated by the sow. Key words: Behavior, approach for nursing, piglets, vocalization

Avoidance of Low pH in Selection of Spawning Sites by Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) show a strong preference for upwelling water in selection of precise spawning sites. Advantage was taken of this behavior in observing discrimination of pH by 48 breeding females. When artificial aquifers delivered ambient (6.7), alkaline (8.0), and acid water (varied at pH 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 in three trials), females clearly avoided upwellings of pH 4.0 and 4.5 in preference to alkaline and ambient upwelling. Discrimination was not evident at pH 5.0. As natural springs in the Adirondack area are likely to be alkaline, the strong preferences of brook trout for alkaline upwelling water for breeding sites assures a satisfactory environment through egg and larval stages for at least this environmental condition. Key Words: behavior, acidity, brook trout, spawning

Morphological, Physiological, and Ethological Differences Between Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) and Pikeperch (S. lucioperca)

A review of the literature indicated that pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca) are generally more tolerant than walleye (S. vitreum vitreum) of a wide range of environmental sources of stress, such as organic pollution, sedimentation, and fluctuating water levels. This advantage presumably arose from numerous morphological and physiological specializations which are expressed through appropriate behavioral patterns. Of prime importance is the ritualistic redd building and guarding behavior developed by the pikeperch which contributes to a consistently successful rate of fertilization and lowered mortality of their eggs and larvae. In addition, pikeperch have a much higher fecundity and require a less specific set of spawning conditions than do walleye. These attributes allow the pikeperch much greater reproductive success under stressful conditions and thus more flexibility in their range. Key words: behavior, cultural eutrophication, environmental stress, morphology, physiology, pikeperch, reproductive potential, reservoirs, Stizostedion, walleye