THE POSSIBILITY OF USING THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF ORAL FLUID AND BUCCAL EPITHELIUM IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

В статье приведены результаты первого опыта сравнительных исследований состояния ротовой жидкости и буккального эпителия у 12 пациентов, страдающих болезнью Альцгеймера, иу 12 лиц без каких-либо признаков когнитивных нарушений. В процессе исследования изучены корреляции провоспалительных и противовоспалительных факторов ротовой жидкости, основных цитологических изменений буккального эпителия с результатами, полученными при нейропсихологическом тестировании с помощью шкал MMSE и ADAS-COG. Данное сравнительное исследование связано с предположением об общности эктодермального происхождения нервной ткани и буккального эпителия, чем могут быть обусловлены системные патологические изменения в тканях единого зародышевого эмбрионального листка. Получены результаты, свидетельствующие о специфичности патологических изменений в ротовой жидкости и буккальном эпителии для болезни Альцгеймера, что позволяет использовать исследование этих материалов для получения дополнительных диагностических маркеров этого заболевания. The article presents the results of the first experience of comparative studies of the state of the oral fluid and buccal epithelium in 12 patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, and in 12 individuals without any signs of cognitive impairment. In the course of the study, the correlative relationships of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors of the oral fluid, the main cytological changes of the buccal epithelium with the results obtained during neuropsychological testing using the MMSE and ADAS-COG scales were studied. This comparative study is associated with the assumption of a common ectodermal origin of the nervous tissue and buccal epithelium, which may be due to systemic pathological changes in the tissues of a single embryonic embryo leaf. The results obtained indicate the specificity of pathological changes in the oral fluid and buccal epithelium for Alzheimer’s disease, which allows us to use the study of these materials to obtain additional diagnostic markers of this disease.

Combined toxic effects of aflatoxin B2 and the protective role of resveratrol in Swiss albino mice

In this study, the toxic effects of aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) on Swiss albino mice and the protective effects of resveratrol were investigated. Physiological (body weight, liver and kidney weight), biochemical (aspartate aminotransferase-AST, alanine transaminase-ALT, blood urea nitrogen-BUN, creatinine, malondialdehyde-MDA and glutathione-GSH) and cytogenetic parameters (micronucleus-MN in buccal epithelium, erythrocyte and leukocyte cells and chromosomal aberrations-CAs) were used to determine the toxic effects. Additionally, scavenging effects of resveratrol against superoxide, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were also investigated. In experimental period, mice were divided into six groups and the groups were treated with tap water, 10 mg/kg b.w resveratrol, 20 mg/kg b.w resveratrol, 20 µg/kg b.w. AFB2, 10 mg/kg b.w resveratrol + 20 µg/kg b.w AFB2, 20 mg/kg b.w resveratrol + 20 µg/kg b.w AFB2, respectively. As a result, the scavenging effects of resveratrol increased with increasing dose and the superoxide, H2O2 and DPPH radical scavenging activity of resveratrol were 74.9%, 79.1% and 49.2%, respectively. AFB2 administration caused a significant decrease in physiological parameters, and these decreases regressed in AFB2 + resveratrol treated groups. Serum ALT and AST activities, BUN and creatinine levels were higher in the AFB2 treated group compared to the control group and serious abnormalities were found in MDA and GSH levels in the kidney and liver. In the group treated with AFB2 + 20 mg/kg resveratrol, ALT, AST, BUN and creatinine levels decreased significantly and GSH levels increased compared to only-AFB2 treated group. AFB2 triggered MN formation in buccal epithelium, erythrocyte and leukocyte cells and CAs in bone marrow cells. The application of 20 mg/kg resveratrol together with AFB2 was decreased the MN and CAs frequency. Resveratrol exhibited a recovery effect in the range of 40.9–80.5% against AFB2 toxicity in all tested parameters. In this study, it was determined that AFB2 caused serious changes in selected physiological, biochemical and cytogenetic parameters while resveratrol displayed a protective role against these toxic effects.

Transcriptomic Changes of The Buccal Epithelium Exposed To Combustion Emissions of Smoky Coal in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, A Rural Region of China

Indoor air pollution generated from solid fuels affects over half of the world's people. The smoky coal is one of the major sources of indoor air pollution and has been associated with the exceptionally high lung cancer incidence and mortality of non-smoking female residents in rural region Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China. Although some studies have characterized the etiology of the relationship between the smoky coal and the disease risk, the underlying molecular mechanism is still poorly understood. Thus we downloaded RNA sequence data (GSE64277) including 35 non-smoking female residents (26 smoky coal users and 9 smokeless coal users) of Xuanwei and Fuyuan, and conducted Gene Ontology Analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Analysis and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis for transcriptomic changes in the buccal epithelium. The bioinformatics analysis of transcriptional data revealed that combustion emissions of smoky coal significantly altered the genes expression in the buccal epithelium. Activation of inflammation appeared to be a critical response and key risk factor in buccal epithelium associated with smoky coal-related indoor air pollution exposure. We identified 2318 differentially expressed genes, enriched-biological processes/cell components/pathways, gene co-expresssion relationships, 3 significant modules and 45 hub genes. This study contributes to understanding the uncovering molecular mechanism in the respiratory system that occurs with combustion emissions from smoky coal burning and carrying out potential effective interventions to prevent disease burdens.

Association of cardiovascular risk factors with biological age

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine Background Identifying reliable biomarkers of early ageing is an important goal for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Chronological age (CA) is an essential risk factor for age-related disease including CVD. Biological age (BA) may be a more accurate metric for the risk of CVD and prediction of early vascular ageing, atherosclerosis. Available data allow us to judge the relationship of early ageing with all-cause mortality, healthspan and CVD. There is a hypothesis that BA can be used into models of risk prediction and stratification of CVD for personalized treatment. Purpose to determine the relationship between BA and factors of risk CVD in patients of different ages without clinical manifestations CVD. Methods We selected 102 patients aged 31–60 years with moderate cardiovascular risk without clinical symptoms of CVD. The patients did not receive regular drug therapy. Consenting subjects had a physical assessment, anthropometric measurements, electrocardiogram recording, blood sampling for laboratory analyses, including analysis of telomerase activity, telomere length in leukocytes and buccal epithelium by a polymerase chain reaction in real-time. The SCORE scale was used for evaluation of the 10-year risk of fatal stroke and fatal myocardial infarction. In addition, 40 control individuals aged 31–60 years (20 men and 20 women), were also included in the study. BA was determined by 3 methods: PhenoAge, Voitenko’s method and Gorelkin-Pinhasov’s method. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to develop a prediction of the early ageing model. Results The comparing patients of the control and main groups of the same CA shows, that patients with CVD risk have significantly higher BA, higher levels of proatherogenic lipids and shorter telomere length of the buccal epithelium. It was determined that body mass index, blood pressure, glucose levels are associated with an increase in BA in the main and the control groups. The increase of BA in the control group was associated with smoking, telomere length and telomerase activity and the level of antioxidant protection, in patients of the main group premature aging was associated with impaired lipid metabolism. Conclusion The biomarkers of biological aging can have benefits of the early identification of persons who age "faster" than others. The possibility of measuring biological aging can allow the assessment of health status at a time when there are still no symptoms, and interventions are more likely to be effective.

Resistivity Technique for the Evaluation of the Integrity of Buccal and Esophageal Epithelium Mucosa for In Vitro Permeation Studies: Swine Buccal and Esophageal Mucosa Barrier Models

Permeation assays are important for the development of topical formulations applied on buccal mucosa. Swine buccal and esophageal epithelia are usually used as barriers for these assays, while frozen epithelia have been used to optimize the experimental setup. However, there is no consensus on these methods. In transdermal studies, barrier integrity has been evaluated by measuring electrical resistance (ER) across the skin, which has been demonstrated to be a simple, fast, safe, and cost-effective method. Therefore, the aims here were to investigate whether ER might also be an effective method to evaluate buccal and esophageal epithelium mucosa integrity for in vitro permeation studies, and to establish a cut-off ER value for each epithelium mucosa model. We further investigated whether buccal epithelium could be substituted by esophageal epithelium in transbuccal permeation studies, and whether their permeability and integrity were affected by freezing at −20 °C for 3 weeks. Fresh and frozen swine buccal and esophageal epithelia were mounted in Franz diffusion cells and were then submitted to ER measurement. Permeation assays were performed using lidocaine hydrochloride as a hydrophilic drug model. ER was shown to be a reliable method for evaluating esophageal and buccal epithelia. The esophageal epithelium presented higher permeability compared to the buccal epithelium. For both epithelia, freezing and storage led to decreased electrical resistivity and increased permeability. We conclude that ER may be safely used to confirm tissue integrity when it is equal to or above 3 kΩ for fresh esophageal mucosa, but not for buccal epithelium mucosa. However, the use of esophageal epithelium in in vitro transmucosal studies could overestimate the absorption of hydrophilic drugs. In addition, fresh samples are recommended for these experiments, especially when hydrophilic drugs are involved.

Cytogenetic features of buccal epithelium under exposure to harmful factors of metallurgical production

At the present stage of development of society, the issues of preserving and strengthening the most important productive force that determine the economic development and national security of the country remain relevant. Metallurgy is one of the basic industries in Russia, which forms up to 20% of GDP. This study assesses the condition of the oral mucosa in workers in the industry. To evaluate the formation of micronuclei in buccal cells as an early biomarker of health disorders as a result of occupational exposure to production factors of a metallurgical plant. Hygienic and clinical laboratory tests were carried out for workers of the metallurgical plant of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Cytological studies of the buccal epithelium were performed. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the applied programs IBM, SPSS, Statistics, Microsoft Excel. The general assessment of working conditions in accordance with the criteria of R.2.2.2006-05 for workers of the metallurgical plant was established as 3.2-3.3. Analysis of the buccal epithelium revealed the occurrence of cells with cytogenetic disorders in the workers of the main group. Cells with atypical nuclei were identified in workers with a duration of contact with unfavorable factors of production for more than ten years. Signs of nuclear destruction were revealed, characterizing an increase in apoptotic activity in workers with prolonged contact times. Studies have shown that with more than 10 years of work experience, proliferation processes prevail over differentiation processes. The results obtained can be used as diagnostic methods that expand the prospects for identifying pre-pathological and pathological conditions.