scholarly journals Analysis of the energy balance and CO2 flow under the influence of the seasonality of climatic elements in a mangrove ecosystem in Eastern Amazon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Sérgio C. Freire ◽  
Maria Isabel Vitorino ◽  
Adriano Marlisson L. de Souza ◽  
Michell Fontenelle Germano
Keyword(s):  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Horizontal Wind ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Climatic Elements

AbstractAn unprecedented study was carried out in a mangrove ecosystem in the northeastern coast of the Brazilian Amazon to understand the behavior of climatic elements in a year with the occurrence of El Niño (2015), associated with the seasonal function source/sink of CO2 by the ecosystem. Global radiation (Rg), net radiation (Rn), temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, horizontal wind speed and direction, as well as turbulent flows of sensible heat (H), latent heat (LE), and carbon (f_CO2) were recorded using eddy covariance, a system for studying turbulent flows of heat and gases in the atmosphere. We observed a drastic reduction in rainfall volumes, which accounts for 63.7% of the expected total according to the region’s climatology. Regarding f_ CO2, the highest values of photosynthesis, autotrophic, and heterotrophic respiration of the ecosystem occurred in the wet season due to precipitation, ideal photosynthetically active radiation, lower soil salinity, and higher NDVI of the ecosystem. In the 2nd semester of the year, we observed that the decrease in cloudiness, causing a higher radiation supply in the forest canopy, accompanied by a reduction in precipitation and an increase in the value of H and soil salinity, favored the increase of foliar abscission by the dominant genus Rhizophora and Avicennia, thus influencing the reduction of magnitudes of carbon source/sink functions in the ecosystem during this season, even on high tide days.

scholarly journals Carbon, nitrogen and sulfur (CNS) status and dynamics in Amazon basin upland soils, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Matschullat ◽  
Roberval Monteiro Bezerra de Lima ◽  
Sophie F. von Fromm ◽  
Solveig Pospiech ◽  
Andrea M. Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Regional Climate Change ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
C And N

Abstract. Given the dimensions of the Amazon basin (7.5 million km2), its internal dynamics, increasing anthropogenic strain on this large biome, and its global role as one of two continental biospheric tipping elements, it appears crucial to have data-based knowledge on carbon and nitrogen concentrations and pools as well as on possible intra-annual dynamics. We quantified carbon (Ct, Corg), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) concentrations in litter (ORG) and mineral soil material (TOP 0–20 cm, BOT 30–50 cm) of upland (terra firme) oxisols across Amazonas state and present a first pool calculation. Data are based on triplicate seasonal sampling at 29 sites (forest and post-forest) within the binational project EcoRespira-Amazon (ERA). Repeated sampling increased data accuracy and allows for interpreting intra-annual (seasonal) and climate-change related dynamics. Extreme conditions between the dry season in 2016 and the subsequent wet season (ENSO-related) show differences more clearly. Median CNS in the Amazon basin TOP soils (Ct 1.9, Corg 1.6, N 0.15, S 0.03 wt-% under forest canopy) as well as Corg / N ratios show concentrations similar to European soils (FOREGS, GEMAS). TOP Ct concentrations ranged from 1.02 to 3.29 wt-% (medianForest 2.17 wt-%; medianPost-Forest 1.75 wt-%), N from 0.088 to 0.233 wt-% (medianForest 0.17 wt-%; medianPost-Forest 0.09 wt-%) and S from 0.012 to 0.051 wt.-% (medianForest 0.03 wt.-%; medianPost-Forest 0.02 wt-%). Corg / N ratios ranged from 6 to 14 (median 10). A first pool calculation (hectare-based) illustrates forest versus post-forest changes. The elements are unevenly distributed in the basin with generally higher CNS values in the central part (Amazonas graben) as compared to the southern part of the basin. Deforestation and drought conditions lead to C and N losses – within 50 years after deforestation, C and N losses average 10 to 15 %. Regional climate change with increased drought will likely speed up carbon and nitrogen losses.

scholarly journals SEASONAL AND INTERANNUAL PATTERN OF METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES IN CUIABÁ, MATO GROSSO STATE, BRAZIL

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadja Gomes Machado ◽  
Marcelo Sacardi Biudes ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Santos Querino ◽  
Victor Hugo De Morais Danelichen ◽  
Maísa Caldas Souza Velasque
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Meteorological Variables ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Mato Grosso

ABSTRACT. Cuiab´a is located on the border of the Pantanal and Cerrado, in Mato Grosso State, which is recognized as one of the biggest agricultural producers of Brazil. The use of natural resources in a sustainable manner requires knowledge of the regional meteorological variables. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the seasonal and interannual pattern of meteorological variables in Cuiab´a. The meteorological data from 1961 to 2011 were provided by the Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET – National Institute of Meteorology). The results have shown interannual and seasonal variations of precipitation, solar radiation, air temperature and relative humidity, and wind speed and direction, establishing two main distinct seasons (rainy and dry). On average, 89% of the rainfall occurred in the wet season. The annual average values of daily global radiation, mean, minimum and maximum temperature and relative humidity were 15.6 MJ m–2 y–1, 27.9◦C, 23.0◦C, 30.0◦C and 71.6%, respectively. Themaximum temperature and the wind speed had no seasonal pattern. The wind speed average decreased in the NWdirectionand increased in the S direction.Keywords: meteorological variables, climatology, ENSO. RESUMO. Cuiabá está localizado na fronteira do Pantanal com o Cerrado, no Mato Grosso, que é reconhecido como um dos maiores produtores agrícolas do Brasil. A utilização dos recursos naturais de forma sustentável requer o conhecimento das variáveis meteorológicas em escala regional. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o padrão sazonal e interanual das variáveis meteorológicas em Cuiabá. Os dados meteorológicos de 1961 a 2011 foram fornecidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). Os resultados mostraram variações interanuais e sazonais de precipitação, radiação solar, temperatura e umidade relativa do ar e velocidade e direção do vento, estabelecendo duas principais estações distintas (chuvosa e seca). Em média, 89% da precipitação ocorreu na estação chuvosa. Os valores médios anuais de radiação diária global, temperatura do ar média, mínima e máxima e umidade relativa do ar foram 15,6 MJ m–2 y–1, 27,9◦C, 23,0◦C, 30,0◦C e 71,6%, respectivamente. A temperatura máxima e a velocidade do vento não tiveram padrão sazonal. A velocidade média do vento diminuiu na direção NW e aumentou na direção S.Palavras-chave: variáveis meteorológicas, climatologia, ENOS.

scholarly journals A Note on Interior Pathways in the Meridional Overturning Circulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Pedlosky
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽  
Western Boundary ◽  
Source To Sink ◽  
Basin Geometry ◽  
Meridional Overturning ◽  
Source Sink

AbstractA simple oceanic model is presented for source–sink flow on the β plane to discuss the pathways from source to sink when transport boundary layers have large enough Reynolds numbers to be inertial in their dynamics. A representation of the flow as a Fofonoff gyre, suggested by prior work on inertial boundary layers and eddy-driven circulations in two-dimensional turbulent flows, indicates that even when the source and sink are aligned along the same western boundary the flow must intrude deep into the interior before exiting at the sink. The existence of interior pathways for the flow is thus an intrinsic property of an inertial circulation and is not dependent on particular geographical basin geometry.

Contributions to the epidemiology of human sleeping sickness in Liberia: bionomics of the vector Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) in a forest habitat

1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
North West ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Prolonged Contact ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

Glossina, palpalis (R.-D.) was studied in three localities near Voinjama, in a forest region in north-west Liberia, where human trypanosomiasis persists only as sporadic cases. Sites were chosen with different degrees of contact between man, fly and game, in transitional vegetation on the Zeliba River, and in primary forest on the Lofa and Lawa Rivers. The general features, fauna and climate of these areas are described. Catching by nets was found to be preferable to the use of traps. Trap catches averaged about one-quarter of the corresponding net catches. The theoretical basis of ‘animal’ traps is too uncertain for their use in quantitative studies, and under forest conditions there are practical difficulties in siting them in optimum positions; they failed to catch at all at very low fly densities. Heavy rain and the dry season were unfavourable to the fly, particularly outside the forest canopy. A wet-season resting site on horizontal twigs near to the ground is described. The percentage of females in the total catch differed significantly between different habitats, but apparently was not indicative of the degree of hunger in the population. There were no great differences between the sexes in activity patterns, and activity was greatest during the apparently unfavourable climatic conditions of early afternoon. The willingness of the fly to penetrate unfavourable surroundings suggests that the clearing of forest at potential places of transmission is unlikely to afford an effective means of protection. There is some evidence that breeding was curtailed during the rains. Very few engorged flies were found. Fly numbers and distribution were not affected by normal game movements. There is no evidence that the fly was ever dependent on man for food. Where game was driven away the fly tended to follow it. Occasional human foci did not affect the number or distribution of the fly, and fly activity was not correlated with human activity. Intimate and prolonged contact between man and fly did not occur.

Observations on the Biting-habits of some Tabanidae in Uganda, with special Reference to arboreal and nocturnal Activity

1950 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Haddow ◽  
J. D. Gillett ◽  
A. F. Mahaffy ◽  
R. B. Highton
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Close Correspondence ◽  
Nocturnal Activity ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Biting Behaviour

In a search for the forest vector of yellow fever, catches of biting Diptera have been made by various methods in forest trees in Bwamba County, Uganda. The work here reported concerns Tabanids taken in catches made during the period 1944–45.Three species of Tabanids have been taken in trees during these catches, and one of these, Chrysops centurionis, has proved to be mainly arboreal.Observations on C. centurionis have shown that its main biting-activity begins just before sunset and reaches a peak during the hour after sunset. Thereafter the numbers taken diminish rapidly, but some activity continues throughout the night.In the wet-season catches, this species was most prevalent in the forest canopy at heights of 50 to 60 feet above ground. In the dry season the most favourable level was lower, at 20 to 30 feet above ground.It is suggested that monkeys are the natural hosts of C. centurionis, and that C. centurionis may be the vector of filarial infections among wild monkeys.It is shown that there is a very close correspondence between the biting-behaviour of C. centurionis and that of the mosquito, A ëdes africanus.Evidence of nocturnal activity has now been obtained in the case of one species of Tdbanus, three species of Haematopota and two species of Chrysops. It is suggested that there may be some connection between the remarkable eye colours of Tabanids and crepuscular or nocturnal activity.Records of other Bwamba Tabanids are given.

scholarly journals Predation Intensity in Mangrove Ecosystem in Marine Protected Area, North Sulawesi

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 413
Author(s):  
Tabita S.H. Suyoto ◽  
Farnis B. Boneka ◽  
Nego E. Bataragoa ◽  
Sebastian C. A. Ferse ◽  
Lawrence J. L. Lumingas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Fish Population ◽  
Predatory Fish ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Predation Intensity ◽  
Area North ◽  
Observation Method

This study aims to get an overview of the intensity of predation on mangrove ecosystem in five marine protected areas (MPA), namely Tumbak, Basaan, Blongko, Bahoi and Tambun. The research method was carried out by installing Squidpops bait within one hour and calculating the number of lost bait during the exposure of baits in high tide. Fish species that migrate in the mangrove area are obtained through visual census; Mega Bentos is recorded.  The result of this study indicates the intensity of predation in the mangrove ecosystem in the five North Sulawesi DPLs are varied in each location, which has the possibility of being influenced by local condition, predatory fish population, the level of disturbance at observation, method and level of preference for the bait provided.Keywords: Predation, Predator, Mangrove, Fish Community, Squidpops ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran intensitas predasi pada ekosistem mangrove di lima daerah perlindungan laut (DPL), yaitu Tumbak, Basaan, Blongko, Bahoi dan Tambun. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan pemasangan umpan Squidpops dalam waktu 1 jam dan menghitung jumlah umpan yang hilang selama umpan terpapar pada saat air pasang. Jenis ikan yang bermigrasi di daerah mangrove diperoleh melalui sensus visual; mega bentos dicatat. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan intensitas predasi di ekosistem mangrove pada 5 DPL Sulawesi Utara bervariasi pada tiap lokasi yang memiliki kemungkinan dipengaruhi oleh kondisi lokal, populasi ikan predator, tingkat gangguan saat pengamatan, metode dan tingkat kesukaan pada umpan yang disediakan.Kata Kunci: Predasi, Predator-Mangsa, Mangrove, Komunitas Ikan, Squidpops

scholarly journals Two decades of distributed global radiation time series across a mountainous semiarid area (Sierra Nevada, Spain)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1335-1359
Author(s):  
Cristina Aguilar ◽  
Rafael Pimentel ◽  
María J. Polo
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Extreme Statistics ◽  
Variation Characteristics ◽  
Weather Stations

Abstract. The main drawback of the reconstruction of high-resolution distributed global radiation (Rg) time series in mountainous semiarid environments is the common lack of station-based solar radiation registers. This work presents 19 years (2000–2018) of high-spatial-resolution (30 m) daily, monthly, and annual global radiation maps derived using the GIS-based model proposed by Aguilar et al. (2010) in a mountainous area in southern Europe: Sierra Nevada (SN) mountain range (Spain). The model was driven by in situ daily global radiation measurements, from 16 weather stations with historical records in the area; a 30 m digital elevation model; and 240 cloud-free Landsat images. The applicability of the modeling scheme was validated against daily global radiation records at the weather stations. Mean RMSE values of 2.63 MJ m−2 d−1 and best estimations on clear-sky days were obtained. Daily Rg at weather stations revealed greater variations in the maximum values but no clear trends with altitude in any of the statistics. However, at the monthly and annual scales, there is an increase in the high extreme statistics with the altitude of the weather station, especially above 1500 m a.s.l. Monthly Rg maps showed significant spatial differences of up to 200 MJ m−2 per month that clearly followed the terrain configuration. July and December were clearly the months with the highest and lowest values of Rg received, and the highest scatter in the monthly Rg values was found in the spring and fall months. The monthly Rg distribution was highly variable along the study period (2000–2018). Such variability, especially in the wet season (October–May), determined the interannual differences of up to 800 MJ m−2 yr−1 in the incoming global radiation in SN. The time series of the surface global radiation datasets here provided can be used to analyze interannual and seasonal variation characteristics of the global radiation received in SN with high spatial detail (30 m). They can also be used as cross-validation reference data for other global radiation distributed datasets generated in SN with different spatiotemporal interpolation techniques. Daily, monthly, and annual datasets in this study are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.921012 (Aguilar et al., 2021).

scholarly journals Temporal Variations of Submarine Groundwater Discharge into a Tide-Dominated Coastal Wetland (Gaomei Wetland, Western Taiwan) Indicated by Radon and Radium Isotopes

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng-Hsin Hsu ◽  
Chih-Chieh Su ◽  
Pei-Ling Wang ◽  
In-Tian Lin
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Submarine Groundwater Discharge ◽  
Coastal Wetland ◽  
Groundwater Discharge ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Submarine Groundwater ◽  
Δd And Δ18o

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is evidenced around Taiwan, but the seasonal/temporal changes of SGD have not been fully examined. Here, we report a time-series investigation of SGD into a tide-dominated coastal wetland, the Gaomei Wetland, located to the south of the Da-Chia River’s mouth, western Taiwan, by using environmental tracers (222Rn, 224Raex, 228Ra, δD, and δ18O). Our results showed that regardless of dry and wet seasons, the 222Rn activities in coastal waters were high at low tide but low at high tide. It represents the continuous input of 222Rn-enriched groundwater. However, the 224Raex and 228Ra activities showed seasonal changes with tide conditions. In the dry season, the 224Raex and 228Ra activities in coastal waters were low at low tide but high at high tide; whereas in the wet season, an opposite relation was observed with quite high 224Raex and 228Ra activities in the low-tide waters. Coupled with the lower δD and δ18O values of coastal and pore waters in the dry season, in comparison to those in the wet season, it is suggested that these phenomena probably reflected a seasonal difference in the main SGD component with fresh SGD in the dry season, but saline ones in the wet season. Based on a 222Rn mass balance model, the estimated SGD fluxes into the Gaomei Wetland varied with tidal fluctuations and ranged from 0.2 to 25 cm d−1 and from 0.1 to 47 cm d−1 for the dry and wet seasons, respectively. A slightly high SGD flux occurring during the wet season at spring tide, implied a stronger tidal pumping coupled with a larger hydraulic gradient between land and sea. In this study, we demonstrated that the variation of SGD into the Gaomei Wetland is not only controlled by the seasonal changes of groundwater recharge, but also by the tidal pumping process.

scholarly journals Predicting Scalar Source-Sink and Flux Distributions Within a Forest Canopy Using a 2-D Lagrangian Stochastic Dispersion Model

2003 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-I Hsieh ◽  
Mario Siqueira ◽  
Gabriel Katul ◽  
Chia-Ren Chu
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Source Sink
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