Risk Sharing Method of PPP Model for Rural Sewage Treatment – Based on Interval Fuzzy Shapley Value

Rural sewage treatment is in need of more capital investment, in which the financing model of PPP (public-private partnership) is able to encourage the investment of social capital in this sector. Risk sharing is one of the core features in the PPP model. In view that the risk loss of projects cannot be accurately estimated, this article describes the uncertainty of risk loss with fuzzy numbers and allocates the distribution of risk loss among the participants of rural sewage treatment PPP projects with interval fuzzy Shapley value to ensure a more reasonable and effective risk distribution.

Foreign Language Effect on Decision-Making when Compared to Native and Second Language

Decision-making is a complex process of selecting an option from the given choices by analyzing the background information like risk, loss, and gain within the alternative options presented. It has been observed in earlier studies that people are prompt to make less rational decisions when choices are given in a language less known to them. Therefore, to understand the effect of languages on decision-making, we have questioned native Hindi speakers in French and English. French being the foreign language, and English as their second language. Thus, this effect of a non-native language brings to light the important role that the native language plays routinely in judgment and decision-making. In this paper, we developed a Neuropsychological assessment to decipher the effects on decision-making between choices when given in foreign language and second language in comparison with the native language of an individual, which is termed as foreign language effect(Fle). We have explored various possible situations to understand the foreign language effect(Fle) in decision-making and does this change translates when the decision is to be made in the second language. Our study concludes that the Foreign language is least affected by the intuitive biases, followed by the second language, and the native language is most affected by it.

The risk evaluation of PPP projects: A technique based on probabilistic linguistic terms with weakened hedges

Risk management is a significant part of the success of a public-private partnership (PPP) project. There are four phrases for the process of risk management: Constructing a risk management environment, identifying risk factors, evaluating risk factors, and allocating risk factors. After identifying risk factors, it is imperative to analyze and evaluate critical risk factors, which can help participants formulate strategies to allocate risk factors, and thus alleviate the possible adverse results. The objectives of analyzing and evaluating risk factors focus on two aspects: The possibilities of risk occurrence and the degrees of risk loss. On behalf of determining the critical risk factors effectively, we take the probability degree and linguistic expressions into consideration to manifest experts’ perspectives. We consider critical risk factors in terms of the probability linguistic terms with weakened hedges from the evidential reasoning approach view. The linguistic terms with weakened hedges are applied to express the degree of risk risk loss, and the possibilities of risk occurrence collect from the probabilities of linguistic terms with weakened hedges. First, the commonality function and plausibility function are applied to correct the possibilities of risk occurrence for linguistic terms with weakened hedges. Next, we build a risk evaluation model from experts’ risk propensity and risk perceptions. Moreover, a case study of the risk analyzing and evaluating process of a PPP project is applied to illustrate the availability and effectiveness of the proposed model. We contrast the introduced model with other approaches. Finally, the advantages of this model intended to improve the linguistic terms with weakened hedges for the probabilistic linguistic terms with weakened hedges and evaluate risk factors considering the evidence reasoning approach.

Red Sky at Night: digital archiving in England 2020

Across Europe, countries are at different stages of dealing with digital archaeological archives and how those archives are dealt with is affected by differences in statutory requirements, legal ownership of archives and infrastructure. In England, there is no single national repository for archaeological archives and there is no legal requirement to deposit either physical or digital archives with public bodies, and deposition rates for digital remain low. The archaeological sector remains aware of the implications of producing ever-growing quantities of born-digital data, which interested parties are attempting to address. The current framework and situation regarding digital archiving in England, therefore, offers an interesting case study for how digital archiving is dealt with through the application of professional standards, rather than legislative requirements. This article aims to summarise the current situation regarding digital archaeological archives in England. Across the UK there has been a great deal of work and focus on archaeological archives, driven by two main factors: archaeological archives are curated by a network of regional and local museums and currently resources are shrinking in terms of storage capacity and archaeological curators. Repositories for physical archives can therefore be ill-prepared for the curation of digital archaeological archives, which can risk loss of archaeological digital data, and in 2017 this was recognised within the UK government's Mendoza Review. This article describes the current work to resolve these issues - including strengthening the planning process, providing standards and guidance for data creators and repositories.

The Loss of Self-Dignity and Anger among Polish Young Adults: The Moderating Role of Religiosity

Does the way we think or feel about ourselves have an impact on our anger-based reactions? Is the direction and strength of this relationship direct, or affected by other factors as well? Given that there is a lack of research on the loss of self-dignity and anger, the first aim of the present study consisted in examining whether or not there is a connection between both variables, with particular emphasis on early adulthood. The second purpose was to explore the moderating role of religiosity on the relationship between loss of self-dignity and anger. Methods: Data were gathered from 462 participants aged 18 to 35. The main methods applied were the Questionnaire of Sense of Self-Dignity, Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire, and Religious Meaning System Questionnaire. The results show a statistically significant positive correlation between loss of self-dignity and anger, a negative correlation between religiosity and anger, and no significant association between the loss of self-dignity and religiosity. However, all other dimensions of the sense of self-dignity correlated positively with religiosity. Our findings also confirm that the level of anger resulting from the loss of self-dignity is significantly lower as the level of religiosity increases. Such outcomes seem to support the conception that religiosity may act as a protective factor between the risk (loss of self-dignity) and the outcome factor (anger).

Risiko Pasar Saham Perbankan Syariah dengan Metode Standar Deviasi Markowitz dan Value At Risk (Var)

<p>This study describes the measurement of market risk in Islamic banking by calculating the Markowitz standard deviation and the market risk Value at Risk (VaR). The data used in this study are Islamic bank stocks in the Indonesia Stock Exchange, namely in JII or ISSI. Data obtained from reference sources and using secondary data. The observation period carried out is for 108 days from January 2 to June 11, 2020, with a daily period. The research methodology used to measure the greatest potential risk (loss) incurred in investing in the telecommunications stock index is the Markowitz standard deviation approach and the Value at Risk (VaR) using the Historical and Modeling (Analytical) methods. The results showed that the recommendations for efficient stock selection from the three banks were BRIS banks with an E (R) of 8.5% and a risk level of 1.33%. The lowest portfolio return of -0.1109% occurs on the 60th day and the highest portfolio return of 0.0769% occurs on the 47th day. Then On the daily 95% VAR, the lowest 5% return on a daily basis for BRIS is 5% from 108 days, occurs on the 85th day of -0.248% and the highest return occurs on the 47th day of 0.1444%. At the daily 95% VAR, the lowest 5% daily return of BTPN SYARIAH is 5% from 108 days, occurs on the 67th day of -0.247% and the highest return occurs on the 47th day of 0.758%. At the daily 95%, VAR with 5% lowest daily return of PANIN SYARIAH is 5% from 108 days. It does not happen, likewise, the highest return does not occur until the 108th day (the day of this research observation). If we have PANIN SYARIAH shares of Rp. 1 billion then there is no market risk (loss rate) at 95% daily. For a 5% possibility of tomorrow's portfolio loss on BRIS shares.</p>

Collective Modified Value at Risk in Life Insurance

Insurance is seen as a tool which individuals can transfer risks to others, where insurance collect funds from individuals to meet financial needs related to damage. Therefore analysis of risk in life insurance claims is really be needed bt the insurance company actuary. In an insurance system, the risk is the event when an insured party puts forward a claim. Claim is the compensation for a risk loss. Individual claim in one period insurance is called aggregation claim while aggregation claim is collective risk