Viability of Activated Carbon Derived from Polystyrene Sulphonate Beads as Electrical Double Layer Capacitors

In this paper, a commercial polymeric resin precursor (polystyrene sulphonate beads) was used as a source of carbon spheres. The resin was pyrolyzed at different temperatures (700, 800, and 900 °C) and the resulting carbons were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). From the result of EIS, carbon spheres obtained at 700 °C (CS−700) have the least ohmnic resistance and highest capacitance. In furtherance, the resin was chemically activated with iron (III) chloride FeCl3·6H2O at different concentration (0.1 M, 0.3 M, and 0.5 M) and pyrolyzed at 700 °C to obtain activated carbon sphere namely (ACS 700−0.1, ACS 700−0.3, and ACS 700−0.5) in which the last digit of the samples denotes the concentration of FeCl3. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the carbon is of spherical shape; X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photon electron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed successful introduction of Fe on the surface of the carbon. Out of all the activated carbon spheres, ACS 700−0.1 exhibited highest double layer capacitance of 9 µF cm−2 and lowest charge transfer resistance of 3.33 KΩ·cm2. This method shows that carbon spheres obtained from a polymeric source can be easily improved by simple resin modification and the carbon could be a potential candidate for an electrical double layer capacitor

Synthesis Polyelectrolyte Complex Membrane Polystyrene Sufonate-Chitosan from Styrofoam Waste as The Adsorbent for Cu(II) and Ni(II) Metal

ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan sintesis membran polistirena sulfonat (PSS)-kitosan dari modifikasi limbah styrofoam, kemudian dipelajari kemampuannya dalam mengadsorpsi logam Ni(II) dan Cu(II). Telah ditentukan pula komposisi optimum PSS-kitosan, uji stabilitas asam basa, dan kemampuan swellingnya. Parameter kajian adsorpsi yang dipelajari dalam penelitian ini meliputi pH optimum, kinetika adsorpsi, isoterm adsorpsi, pengaruh kation lain secara selektifitas, dan penentuan mekanisme adsorpsi. Analisis logam Cu(II) dan Ni(II) sebelum dan sesudah proses adsorpsi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom (SSA) Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa polistirena sulfonat (PSS) berhasil diperoleh dari reaksi sulfonasi limbah styrofoam yang ditunjukan dengan spektra FTIR. Komposisi optimum membran PSS:kitosan untuk mengadsorpsi logam Cu(II) dan Ni(II) adalah perbandingan 60:40 dengan kestabilan, sifat fisik, dan kemampuan adsorpsi yang paling baik. Keadaan pH optimum adsorpsi logam Cu(II) dan Ni(II) berada pada pH 5, waktu optimum berturut-turut 45 menit dan 60 menit, serta konsentrasi optimum berturut-turut 60 ppm dan 40 ppm. Model kinetika dan isoterm adsorpsi logam Cu(II) dan Ni(II) pada membran PSS-kitosan adalah orde kedua semu (McKay dan Ho) dan model isoterm Freundlich. Tetapan laju reaksi logam Cu(II) dan Ni(II) pada pH 5 berturut-turut 0,480 mmol/g-1menit-1 dan 0,423 mmol/g-1menit-1. Adanya logam Ni(II) dalam adsorpsi Cu(II) tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan sampai pada perbandingan Ni(II)/Cu(II)= 2:1, namun sebaliknya dengan kehadiran logam Cu(II) pada adsorpsi logam Ni(II) sudah memberikan pengaruh pada perbandingan Ni(II)/Cu(II)=1:1. Afinitas membran PSS-kitosan terhadap logam adalah Cu(II) > Ni(II). Pada studi desorpsi diketahui jenis interaksi antara adsorbat dan situs aktif adsorben merupakan mekanisme pembentukan kompleks, pemerangkapan dan pembentukan ikatan hidrogen. ABSTRACT Synthesis of polystyrene sulphonate (PSS) – chitosan membrane of styrofoam waste modification and its ability to adsorb Ni (II) and Cu (II) metals has been studied. The optimum composition of PSS-chitosan, acidity stability test, and swelling ability have been determined. The parameters of the adsorption study studied in this study include optimum pH, adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, selective cationic effects, and determination of adsorption mechanisms. Analysis of Cu (II) and Ni (II) metals before and after the adsorption process was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS) The results showed that polystyrene sulphonate (PSS) was obtained from the sulfonation of styrofoam waste using the FTIR spectra. The optimum composition of rasio PSS: chitosan membrane for adsorbing Cu (II) and Ni (II) is 60:40 with the best stability, physical properties, and adsorption capability. The optimum pH adsorption of Cu (II) and Ni (II) metals was at pH 5, the optimum time was 45 min and 60 min, and the optimum concentrations were 60 ppm and 40 ppm. The kinetic and adsorption models of Cu (II) and Ni (II) metals on PSS-chitosan membranes are second-order (McKay and Ho) and Freundlich isotherm model. The reaction rates of Cu (II) and Ni (II) reactions at pH 5 were 0.480 mmol / g-1menit-1 and 0.423 mmol / g-1menit-1. The presence of Ni (II) metal in Cu (II) adsorption did not give a significant effect to the ratio of Ni (II) / Cu (II) = 2: 1, but with the presence of Cu (II) metal on metal adsorption Ni (II) have an effect on the ratio of Ni (II) / Cu (II) = 1: 1. The affinity of PSS-chitosan membrane to metal is Cu (II)> Ni (II). Sequential desorption studies showed that the adsorption of Cu (II) and Ni (II) metals on the PSS-chitosan membrane were estimated to follow a complex formation, hydrogen bond formation, and physical entrapment mechanisms.

Adverse gastrointestinal events with sodium polystyrene sulphonate and calcium polystyrene sulphonate use in dialysis patients: a nationwide registry study

Introduction Sodium polystyrene sulphonate (SPS) and calcium polystyrene sulphonate (CPS) are commonly used cation-exchange resins for the treatment and control of hyperkalaemia. However, their use (particularly SPS) has been limited by reports of adverse gastrointestinal (GI) events. The safety of these compounds in patients undergoing dialysis requires larger investigation. Aims To study the occurrence of adverse GI events (occlusion, perforation, thrombosis/ischaemia) in the periods of SPS or CPS exposition versus the periods without exposition in dialysis patients. Methods Dialysis patients were extracted from the French National Registry and merged with the French hospital discharge database (between 2006 and 2017). For our primary analysis, we used patients who had any claim of SPS use (n = 43 771). Time-varying Cox models, negative binomial regression and pre- versus post-treatment average treatment effects. Results The mean age was 66 ± 15 years, 37% were female and 92% were undergoing haemodialysis. Over a 1-year follow-up, patients on periods with SPS (on-SPS) did not present an increased risk of adverse GI events versus the periods without SPS (off-SPS): incidence rate (IR) (per 1000 person years) = 7.4 (6.4–8.7) versus 9.5 (8.1–11.0); adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) = 0.81 (0.60–1.09), P = 0.17. Patients exposed to SPS did not experience a higher rate of adverse GI events in the year after SPS initiation versus the year before SPS initiation; P-value for parallel trend = 0.87. Patients on-CPS also did not show an increased risk of adverse GI events versus off-CPS: IR (per 1000 py) = 8.6 (5.1–11.9) versus 7.8 (5.1–11.9); adjusted HR (95% CI) = 0.76 (0.31–1.80), P = 0.52. The rates of adverse GI events in the periods on and off exposure were also similar over a follow-up of 5 years. Conclusion Our large, nationwide study shows that the incidence of adverse GI events in patients undergoing dialysis was low and that neither the use of SPS nor CPS was associated with increased GI events risk.

Pivotal clinical trials, meta-analyses and current guidelines in the treatment of hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia (HK) is the most common electrolyte disturbance observed in patients with advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a potentially life-threatening clinical condition due to an increased risk of fatal arrhythmias, and strongly impacts the quality of life and prognosis of CKD patients. Moreover, while renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASIs) represent the most cardio-nephro-protective drugs used in clinical practice, the treatment with these drugs per se increases serum potassium (sK) values, particularly when heart failure and diabetes mellitus coexist. In fact, the onset or recurrence of HK is frequently associated with not starting, down-titrating or withdrawing RAASIs, and is an indication to begin renal replacement treatment in end-stage renal disease. Current strategies aimed at preventing and treating chronic HK are still unsatisfactory, as evidenced by the relatively high prevalence of HK also in patients under stable nephrology care, and even in the ideal setting of randomized clinical trials. Indeed, dietary potassium restriction, the use of sodium bicarbonate or diuretics, the withdrawal or down-titration of RAASIs, or the administration of old potassium binders, namely sodium polystyrene sulphonate and calcium polystyrene sulphonate, have limited efficacy and are poorly tolerated; therefore, these strategies are not suitable for long-term control of sK. As such, there is an important unmet need for novel therapeutic options for the chronic management of patients at risk for HK. The development of new potassium binders may change the treatment landscape in the near future. This review summarizes the current evidence on the treatment of chronic HK in cardio-renal patients.

Initiation of sodium polystyrene sulphonate and the risk of gastrointestinal adverse events in advanced chronic kidney disease: a nationwide study

Background Despite long-standing clinical use of sodium polystyrene sulphonate (SPS) for hyperkalaemia management in chronic kidney disease (CKD), its safety profile remains poorly investigated. Methods We undertook an observational analysis of nephrology-referred adults with incident CKD Stage 4+ in Sweden during 2006–16 and with no previous SPS use. We studied patterns of use and adverse events associated to SPS initiation during follow-up. Patterns of SPS use were defined by chronicity of treatment and by prescribed dose. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with SPS initiation (time-varying exposure) for the risk of severe (intestinal ischaemia, thrombosis or ulceration/perforation) and minor (de novo dispensation of laxatives or anti-diarrheal drugs) gastrointestinal (GI) events. Results Of 19 530 SPS-naïve patients with CKD, 3690 initiated SPS during follow-up. A total of 59% took SPS chronically, with an average of three dispensations/year. The majority (85%) were prescribed lower dosages than specified on the product label. During follow-up, 202 severe and 1149 minor GI events were recorded. SPS initiation was associated with a higher incidence of severe adverse events [adjusted HR 1.25 95% CI 1.05–1.49)], particularly in those receiving per label doses [1.54 (1.09–2.17)] and mainly attributed to ulcers and perforations. SPS initiation was also associated with higher incidence of minor GI events [adjusted HR 1.11 (95% CI 1.03–1.19)], regardless of dose, and mainly accounted for by de novo dispensation of laxatives. Conclusions Initiation of SPS in patients with advanced CKD is associated with a higher risk of severe GI complications as well as the initiation of GI-related medications, particularly when prescribed at per label doses.

Multi-functional wool fabrics by graft-copolymerisation with polystyrene sulphonate: their enhanced fire retardancy, mechanical properties, and stain-resistance

pSS-Grafted wool fabrics showed enhanced fire retardancy, tensile strength and stain-resistance against an acid dye-based stain.

Enhanced thermal, mechanical and fire-retarding properties of polystyrene sulphonate-grafted-nanosilica/polypropylene composites

The addition of pSS-grafted-nanosilica to PP showed enhanced fire retardancy as assessed by mass loss, cone calorimetry and LOI measurements.

Electrosynthesized Polystyrene Sulphonate-Capped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Electrode Modifiers for Sensing Devices

ABSTRACTZnO nanoparticles were prepared by a green electrochemical synthesis method applying low current densities followed by a thermal treatment. Sodium polystyrene sulphonate (PSS) was used as stabilizer in the electrolytic aqueous medium due to its biocompatibility and stability. The as-prepared nanocolloids were then annealed to improve their stability, and then converted via hydroxide species into stoichiometric oxide. Different calcination temperatures were studied. ZnO@PSS nanomaterials were deposited onto SiO2/Si substrates, in part in combination with an organic semiconductor layer to evaluate their influence on organic field effect transistors (OFETs). All nanomaterials and composite layers were characterized by morphological and spectroscopic techniques. Promising results regarding the use of ZnO@PSS in OFETs could be demonstrated.