Assesment of free radical scavenging activity and inhibitory properties of aqueous extract of Cymodocea serrulata segrass towards α- glucosidase and α –amylase enzyme

Aim: The study reports the in vitro free radical scavenging and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities of aqueous extract of seagrass Cymodocea serrulata from Gulf of Mannar, Southeast Asia. Methods: The free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by DPPH, Superoxide, Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assays and α-amylase, α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity. The C. serrulata showed effective DPPH radical scavenging activity of 69.45 μg/mL, Superoxide radical scavenging activity of 91.08.5 ± 0.02%, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity of 86.89 ± 0.03% and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of 81.09 ± 0.3 % at a concentration of 5 μg/mL respectively. It also showed significant inhibitory activity against α- amylase with an IC50 value of 3.0 ± 0.04 (μg/ml) and the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 3.7 ± 1.01 (μg/ml) at concentrations of 1-5 μg/mL. Conclusion: Cymodocea serrulata was found to be a potent free radical scavenger and inhibitor of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes.

Inhibition of MMP2-PEX by a novel ester of dihydroxy cinnamic and linoleic acid from the seagrass Cymodocea serrulata

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are pivotal for cancer cell migration and metastasis which are generally over-expressed in such cell types. Many drugs targeting MMPs do so by binding to the conserved catalytic domains and thus exhibit poor selectivity due to domain-similarities with other proteases. We report herein the binding of a novel compound [3-(E-3,4-dihydroxycinnamaoyloxyl)-2-hydroxypropyl 9Z, 12Z-octadeca-9, 12-dienoate; Mol. wt: 516.67 Da], (C1), isolated from a seagrass, Cymodocea serrulata to the unconserved hemopexin-like (PEX) domain of MMP2 (− 9.258 kcal/mol). MD simulations for 25 ns, suggest stable ligand-target binding. In addition, C1 killed an ovarian cancer cell line, PA1 at IC50: 5.8 μM (lesser than Doxorubicin: 8.6 µM) and formed micronuclei, apoptotic bodies and nucleoplasmic bridges whilst causing DNA laddering, S and G2/M phase dual arrests and MMP disturbance, suggesting intrinsic apoptosis. The molecule increased mRNA transcripts of BAX and BAD and down-regulated cell survival genes, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, MMP2 and MMP9. The chemical and structural details of C1 were deduced through FT-IR, GC–MS, ESI–MS, 1H and 13C NMR [both 1D and 2D] spectra.

Keanekaragaman Perifiton Daun Lamun Enhalus acoroides dan Cymodocea serrulata di Teluk Awur, Jepara

Ekosistem padang lamun merupakan ekosistem bahari yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati dan memiliki produktivitas tinggi di perairan dangkal. Adanya keberadaan perifiton yang menempel pada daun lamun diduga dijadikan sebagai faktor penunjang produktivitas primer di kawasan ekosistem lamun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelimpahan perifiton, distribusi perifiton dan hubungan kerapatan lamun terhadap kelimpahan perifiton di Perairan Teluk Awur, Jepara. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dan penentuan lokasi dipilih dengan menggunakan metode sampling purposive method, sedangkan metode pengambilan data lamun mengacu pada metode line transek kuadran. Pengambilan daun lamun untuk pengamatan perifiton menggunakan metode sapuan daun yang selanjutnya diamati dengan menggunakan mikroskop. Nilai kelimpahan perifiton pada daun lamun Enhalus acoroides di Stasiun 1, Stasiun 2, dan Stasiun 3 berturut-turut adalah 105 ind/cm2, 167,5 ind/cm2, dan 101,25 ind/cm2. Sedangkan kelimpahan perifiton pada daun lamun Cymodocea serrulata di Stasiun 1 tidak ada lalu Stasiun 2 dan Stasiun 3 berturut-turut adalah 80 ind/cm2 dan 135 ind/cm2. Kelimpahan tertinggi perifiton terdapat pada jenis lamun E. acoroides diduga karena E. acoroides mempunyai luas penampang daun yang lebih lebar dibandingkan C.serrulata. Perifiton yang mendominasi di lokasi ini berasal dari Kelas Bacillariophyceae. Sebaran perifiton berdasarkan perhitungan indeks morisita yaitu berkelompok dan terdapat hubungan antara kelimpahan perifiton dengan kerapatan lamun. The seagrass ecosystem is a marine ecosystem that has biodiversity and is high productivity in shallow waters. The presence of periphyton attached to seagrass leaves is thought to be used as a primary productivity supporting factor in the seagrass ecosystem. This research aims to determine the periphyton abundance, periphyton distribution and seagrass density relationship towards periphyton abundance in Teluk Awur, Jepara. The survey method and location determination were selected based on purposive sampling method, while the seagrass data collection method refers to the quadrant line transect method. The taking of seagrass leaf for periphyton observation used leaf drainage method was then observed using a microscope. Periphyton abundance value on seagrass leaves of Enhalus acoroides in Station 1, Station 2, and Station 3 are respectively 105 ind / cm2, 167,5 ind / cm2, and 101, 25 ind / cm2. Periphyton abundance in seagrass leaves Cymodocea serrulata in Station 1 was not found while Station 2 and Station 3 are 80 ind / cm2 and 135 ind / cm2 respectively. The highest abundance of periphyton is in the type of seagrass E. acoroides because E. acoroides has a wider leaf cross-sectional area than C. serrulata. Periphyton that dominates the waters of Teluk Awur comes from the Bacillariophyceae class. Periphyton distribution based on the morisita index calculation is clustered and there is a relationship between periphyton abundance and seagrass density.

Analisis Kesesuaian Ekosistem Lamun sebagai Pendukung Ekowisata Bahari Pulau Panjang Kabupaten Jepara

Ekowisata bahari adalah kegiatan wisata berkelanjutan yang memanfaatkan sumberdaya pesisir dan laut. Sumberdaya tersebut dapat dibagi menjadi sumberdaya alam dan manusia yang keduanya bersinergi dan berintegrasi untuk pemanfaatan ekowisata tersebut. Ekowisata lamun merupakan salah satu ekowisata berpotensi dimana potensi ekosistem lamun yang merupakan salah satu ekosistem di wilayah pesisir dengan peran penting untuk melindungi wilayah pesisir tersebut. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi ekosistem lamun untuk dijadikan pendukung ekowisata bahari dengan melihat presentase tutupan, parameter lingkungan, dan kelimpahan biota yang berasosiasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode observasi langsung. Metode observasi langsung adalah metode pengumpulan data yang dilakukan dengan mengamati dan mengukur langsung objek yang diamati. Metode pengambilan data menggunakan metode transek garis LIPI dengan transek kuadran 50 x 50 cm. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setidaknya terdapat lima spesies lamun yang dapat ditemukan di Perairan Pulau Panjang, yaitu: Thallasia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata, Enhalus acoroides, dan Halophila ovalis. Kerapatan jenis lamun tertinggi adalah spesies Thallasia hemprichii di stasiun 1 dan kerapatan terendah adalah spesies Halophila ovalis di stasiun 1. Perairan Pulau Panjang juga memiliki potensi biota yang berasosiasi dalam ekosistem lamun, dimana terdapat berbagai jenis ikan karang, Mollusca, Cnidaria, dan Echinodermata yang meningkatkan daya dukung ekowisata lamun yang juga didukung dengan hasil persepsi masyarakat yang mendukung dan ingin berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan ekowisata pada ekosistem lamun. Marine ecotourism is a sustainable tourism activity that utilized coastal and marine resources. These resources can be devided into natural resources and human resources that both of which can be sinergized and integrated for ecotourism use. Seagrass ecotourism is one of the potential ecotourism that seagrass ecosystem is one of the ecosystems in coastal areas with an important role in protecting the coastal area. The purpose of this research is to determine the potential of seagrass ecosystem to support marine ecotourism in Panjang Island by also looking at the coverage percentage, environmental parameters, and the abundance of associated biotas. The research method used is direct observation method. Direct observation method is a method of collecting data by directly observing and measuring the object that being observed. The data collection method uses method by LIPI that uses quadrant transects of 50 x 50 cm. The results indicate that there’s at least five species of seagrass can be found in Panjang Island Waters, which is: Thallasia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata, Enhalus acoroides, and Halophila ovalis. The highest coverage density of seagrass is Thallasia hemprichii in station 1, and the lowest coverage density is Halophila ovalis in station 1. Panjang Island Waters also have the potential of associated biotas in the seagrass ecosystem, where there are various types of reef fishes, Molluscas, Cnidarias, and Echinodermatas that can increase the potential of seagrass ecotourism which are also supported by the results of the community’s perception that support and want to participate in ecotourism activities in the seagrass ecosystem of Panjang Island.

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS PADANG LAMUN DI PERAIRAN PANTAI PANDAWA, BALI

This research aimed to determine the types and structure of seagrass community based on species density, species relative density, diversity index, uniformity index, and dominance index of the seagrass. This research was conducted along Pandawa Beach, Kutuh Village, South Kuta District, Badung Regency, Bali from November to December 2019. Data of seagrass were collected from 3 line transects, 3 kuadran transects from each transect, repeated 3 times. Water quality data were collected 3 times within 4 weeks. Eight species of seagrass were identified, namely: Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea serrulata, Halodule pinifolia, Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis, Halophila decipiens, Syringodium isoetifolium, and Thalassodendron ciliatum. The highest species density found at station I that was Thalassodendron ciliatum, as well as for its relative density, and the lowest was Thalassia hemprichii. At station II and III, the highest species density was found on Cymodocea serrulata and the lowest was on Halophila ovalis. The study found that the species density of seagrasses at Pandawa Beach was categorized as high density, which dominated by Thalassodendron ciliatum at station I and by Cymodocea serrulata at station II and III. Diversity index of seagrass species at station I and II was categorized as medium species diversity and low species diversity for the station III. Dominance index of seagrass species at the three station was categorized as high dominance. Similarity index of seagrass species was categorized as medium or unstable community for the station I and II, and low similarity for the station III.

Stok Karbon pada Ekosistem Lamun di Pulau Kemujan dan Pulau Bengkoang Taman Nasional Karimunjawa

Lamun memiliki kemampuan menyimpan karbon di dalam biomassanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai estimasi simpanan karbon dalam biomassa pada vegetasi lamun di Pulau Kemujan serta Pulau Bengkoang, Taman Nasional Karimunjawa. Pengambilan data menggunakan metode purposive sampling dan metode Seagrass Watch dengan mempertimbangkan kondisi lamun di lokasi tersebut. Pengukuran estimasi karbon dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Ilmu dan Nutrisi Pakan FPP Undip menggunakan metode Loss on Ignition dengan prinsip pengabuan. Jenis lamun yang ditemukan di Pulau Kemujan yaitu Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, dan Cymodocea serrulata, dan pada Pulau Bengkoang ditemukan lamun jenis Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila ovalis, dan Enhalus acoroides. Nilai biomassa bawah substrat dan atas substrat pada Stasiun I Pulau Kemujan (3104,5 gbk/m2 dan 1868 gbk/m2) menunjukkan nilai yang lebih besar dibandingkan nilai biomassa bawah substrat dan atas substrat pada Stasiun II Pulau Bengkoang (714,25 gbk/m2 dan 534,25 gbk/m2). Nilai estimasi simpanan karbon pada Stasiun I yaitu 138,47 – 1533,28 gC/m2 dan pada Stasiun II yaitu 17,02– 498,31 gC/m2. Mayoritas nilai karbon lebih tinggi pada jaringan lamun bawah substrat. Nilai estimasi simpanan karbon sedimen pada Stasiun I yaitu 52,60–339,81 gC/m2 dan 86,85–1329,08 gC/m2 pada Stasiun II. Penelitian ini dapat memberikan informasi mengenai fungsi lain ekosistem lamun yaitu sebagai penyerap karbon sehingga dapat dijadikan edukasi kepada masyarakat umum untuk melestarikan ekosistem lamun sebagai ekosistem yang dapat berperan penting dalam mengatasi masalah emisi gas rumah kaca dan pemanasan global. Seagrass have ability to store carbon mass in their biomass. The aim of this research is to find out the value of carbon stock on seagrass biomass in Kemujan Island and Bengkoang Island seagrass vegetation. The research was retrieval in purposive sampling method and collected seagrass vegetation data by using Seagrass Watch. Measurement of carbon stock estimation held in INP FPP Undip Laboratory by using Loss on Ignition method. The type of seagrass found in Kemujan Island were Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, and Cymodocea serrulata, meanwhile in Bengkoang Island there were found Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila ovalis, and Enhalus acoroides. The value of below ground and above ground biomass in Station I Kemujan Island (3104,5 gbk/m2 dan 1868 gbk/m2) is higher than the value of below ground and above ground biomass in Station II Bengkoang Island (714,25 gbk/m2 and 534,25 gbk/m2). Carbon stock estimation value in Station I is 138,47–1533,28 gC/m2 and 17,02–498,31 gC/m2 in Station II. Most of carbon stock value is higher in below ground seagrass tissue. The value of carbon stock estimation of sediment in Station I is 52,60–339,81 gC/m2 and 86,85–1329,08 gC/m2 in Station II. The research gives information about another function of seagrass, as carbon absorber and can be as education for public to conserve seagrass ecosystem and has important role in resolving greenhouse gas emission and global warming.

Keanekaragaman Gastropoda Pada Habitat Lamun Di Perairan Desa Tayando Yamtel Kecamatan Tayando Tam Kota Tual

The gastropod community is an important component in the food chain in seagrass beds, where the gastropods are the detritus feeder. Research on the diversity of gastropods in seagrass habitat in the waters of Tayando Yamtel Village, Tam City, Tual District, was conducted in March-May 2018, using the quadrant linear transect method. The results of measurements of environmental parameters in Tayando Yamtel waters are: an average pH of 8.55; DO 6.59 µg / l; salinity 32.36 ‰; temperature of 29 ° C; TDS 24.7 mg / l; current velocity (0.42 m / sec) is classified as low current; and a depth of 1.5 m. Gastropod research results obtained 862 individuals consisting of 15 families and 30 species of gastropods, while for seagrass obtained 3 species namely Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata and Thalassia hemprichii. The highest value of composition and gastropod density at Station I was dominated by Psedeovertagus aluco species at 62.73% and 3.708 (ind / m2), while at Station II were 28.01% and 0.93 (ind / m2) and Station III were 38.46% and 0.15 (ind / m2) are dominated by Strombus gibberulus species. Based on the gastropod ecological index value, the index value of species diversity and harmony is included in the medium category and the index value of dominance is in the low category. Keywords: Gastropoda, Seagrass, Tayando Yamtel

PEMANTAUAN KONDISI LAMUN DI PERAIRAN PANTAI BULO RERER, SULAWESI UTARA

Ekosistem lamun merupakan perairan produktif yang memiliki fungsi untuk menstabilkan dasar perairan, dan dijadikan sebagai tempat perlindungan hewan. Keberadaan ekosistem Lamun di Indonesia tidak banyak diketahui dan dipelajari. Salah satu perairan yang memiliki padang lamun yang belum banyak diketahui status kondisi padang lamunnya yaitu Pantai Bulo. Pantai Bulo dijadikan sebagai wisata bahari karena memiliki keindahan yang menarik, juga sebagai tempat untuk menangkap ikan warga setempat. Aktivitas ini dapat mengganggu keberadaan lamun di daerah tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kondisi padang lamun di Perairan Pantai Bulo Rerer, Kabupaten Minahasa, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, dengan melakukan pengamatan substrat, komposisi jenis lamun dan persen penutupan lamun. Penelitian dilakukan selama bulan Juni sampai Agustus 2019. Hasil yang didapatkan yaitu ditemukan enam jenis lamun di perairan pantai Bulo Rerer yaitu Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodoceae rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata, Syringodium isoetifolitum, dan Halodule pinifolia, dengan kondisi padang lamun termasuk kategori kerusakan sedang. Diharapkan ke depannya dapat dilakukan pengawasan terhadap masyarakat serta pengenalan betapa pentingnya ekosistem lamun, agar tidak melakukan kerusakan di kawasan lamun dan berpartisipasi dalam rehabilitasi lamun.

Kandungan Klorofil Cymodocea serrulata Pada Kedalaman Berbeda di Perairan Pulau Panjang Jepara

Klorofil merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi fotosintesis. Cymodocea serrulata membutuhkan intensitas cahaya yang cukup tinggi untuk melaksanakan proses fotosintesis. Perbedaan intensitas cahaya terhadap lamun tersebut diduga akan mempengaruhi pembentukan klorofil, sehingga penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan kedalaman perairan terhadap kandungan klorofil C. serrulata. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode spektrofotometri untuk mengetahui absorbansi pigmen klorofil daun lamun C. Serrulata. Analisis statistika digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh kecerahan perairan dan stasiun lokasi terhadap kandungan klorofil lamun C.serrulata. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kandungan klorofil tertinggi terdapat di kedalaman 1 meter yaitu sebesar 3,061 µg/l, sedangkan kandungan klorofil terendah terdapat di kedalaman 3 meter yaitu sebesar 1,509 µg/l. Kandungan klorofil menurun seiring dengan bertambahnya kedalaman, yang dipengaruhi oleh kecerahan perairan dan kadar TSS yang dapat menghambat penetrasi cahaya yang menembus perairan. Chlorophyll is the main factor that affects photosynthesis. Cymodocea serrulata requires a high intensity of the light to carry out the process of photosynthesis. In this case, the differences in light intensity will affect the formation of chlorophyll in seagrass leaves. This study aims to determine the effect of different depths on the chlorophyll content of C. serrulata. Therefore, this study used a spectrophotometric method to determine the absorbance of chlorophyll pigment in C. serrulata. Statistical analysis used to describe the water transparency and sampling station on chlorophyll content. Based on the study results, the highest chlorophyll content has found in 1 meter depth of the sea, which is equal to 3,061 µg/l and the lowest chlorophyll content in 3 meter depth of the sea equal to 1,509 µg/l. It can be concluded that the chlorophyll content decreased while the increasing of the depth due to the water transparency and TSS levels, which can inhibit the penetration of light through the water.