Radionuclides Contamination in Soil: Effects, Sources and Spatial Distribution

Radionuclide concentrations in the soil depend on the geological and anthropogenic activities of an area. They influence level of gamma radiation in the environment, which can cause significant health risk in humans. Due to the non-uniform distribution of radionuclides in the soil, various measurement methods have been adopted to monitor our environment. The challenges involved in collecting environmental samples, duration, technicality and cost of measurement have led to various models for predicting unmeasured locations. This article presents geostatistical method using kriging techniques, which adopt the theory of regionalized variables, to characterize the spatial distribution of radionuclide in un-sampled locations using data obtained from sampled locations. Among other things, this paper presents results of application of this method to a study area. Spatial distribution of radionuclides reveal the non-uniform distribution in the study area. Though the radionuclides level in the study area are below global average set by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the spatial distribution map can be used to provide adequate information needed by regulatory authorities in identifying the contaminated area in need of remediation.

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The Growth and Shifting Spatial Distribution of Tent Encampments in Oakland, California

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science ◽

10.1177/0002716221994459 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 693 (1) ◽

pp. 284-300

Author(s):

Ryan Finnigan

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

West Coast ◽

Spatial Dynamics ◽

Transitional Housing ◽

Using Data ◽

The City

Tent encampments have become an especially common form of homelessness in West Coast cities like Oakland, California, where the number of people living in tent encampments increased by 130 percent between 2017 and 2019. Living in tent encampments provides residents both benefits and risks, depending on the encampments’ location, size, and stability. Using data from Google Street Views, I document the growth and spatial dynamics of tent encampments in west and central Oakland over the last decade. The number and size of tent encampments rapidly increased between 2014 and 2019, varying widely in their stability. City interventions like the city’s outdoor transitional housing sites displaced several large tent encampments. Combined with overall tent encampment growth, these displacements dispersed the encampments throughout nearby neighborhoods and other parts of the city.

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Regulations are needed to protect freshwater ecosystems from salinization

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2018.0019 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 374 (1764) ◽

pp. 20180019 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Matthew S. Schuler ◽

Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles ◽

William D. Hintz ◽

Brenda Dyack ◽

Sebastian Birk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Freshwater Ecosystems ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Anthropogenic Source ◽

Economic Costs ◽

Regulatory Standards ◽

Management Procedures ◽

Using Data ◽

Multi Stakeholder ◽

Freshwater Salinization

Anthropogenic activities such as mining, agriculture and industrial wastes have increased the rate of salinization of freshwater ecosystems around the world. Despite the known and probable consequences of freshwater salinization, few consequential regulatory standards and management procedures exist. Current regulations are generally inadequate because they are regionally inconsistent, lack legal consequences and have few ion-specific standards. The lack of ion-specific standards is problematic, because each anthropogenic source of freshwater salinization is associated with a distinct set of ions that can present unique social and economic costs. Additionally, the environmental and toxicological consequences of freshwater salinization are often dependent on the occurrence, concentration and ratios of specific ions. Therefore, to protect fresh waters from continued salinization, discrete, ion-specific management and regulatory strategies should be considered for each source of freshwater salinization, using data from standardized, ion-specific monitoring practices. To develop comprehensive monitoring, regulatory, and management guidelines, we recommend the use of co-adaptive, multi-stakeholder approaches that balance environmental, social, and economic costs and benefits associated with freshwater salinization. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects’.

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KARAKTERISTIK KONSENTRASI CH4 (METANA) DI BEBERAPA KOTA BESAR DAN KOTA KECIL DI INDONESIA

MAJALAH ILMIAH GLOBE ◽

10.24895/mig.2017.19-2.619 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Indah Susanti ◽

Lilik Slamet S ◽

Waluyo Eko Cahyono

Keyword(s):

El Niño ◽

El Nino ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Small Towns ◽

Statistical Regression ◽

Friedman Test ◽

Large Cities ◽

Infra Red ◽

Level 3 ◽

Using Data

ABSTRAKKeberadaan konsentrasi CH4 di atmosfer berasal dari sumber emisi CH4 di permukaan bumi baik asal antropogenik maupun alami. Bobot molekul CH4 yang ringan mengakibatkan CH4 dapat bergerak vertikal sampai ke stratosfer. Konsentrasi CH4 yang tak terkendali berakibat pada pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim, sehingga perlu dipahami karakteristik CH4 terutama di beberapa kota besar (Jakarta, Medan, Makassar) dan kota kecil (Ambon, Biak Numfor, Pangkal Pinang) di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan data Atmospheric Infra Red Soundings (AIRS) level 3 yang memiliki resolusi spasial satu derajat dan resolusi temporal bulanan, untuk periode waktu 2003-2015, dikaji kecenderungan konsentrasi CH4 di enam kota dan anomalinya pada beberapa ketinggian atmosfer serta analisis pengaruh kategori kota (kota besar dan kota kecil berdasarkan jumlah penduduk) terhadap konsentrasi CH4. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah analisis spasial horizontal dan vertical dengan bantuan Software Grads untuk mengetahui daerah mana dan pada level ketinggian mana terjadi perubahan konsentrasi CH4, serta ditunjang oleh analisis statistik regresi dan uji Friedman serta uji Tukey untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh kategori kota terhadap konsentrasi CH4 di atmosfer. Hasilnya menunjukkan adanya penurunan konsentrasi CH4 terhadap ketinggian atmosfer dengan pola logaritmik (eksponensial) yang sebagian besar berasal dari kegiatan di permukaan bumi. Fluktuasi konsentrasi CH4 di atmosfer disebabkan salah satunya oleh El Nino Southern Oscilation (ENSO). Kondisi ini tampak dari kesamaan pola nilai indeks ENSO dan konsentrasi CH4. Berdasarkan penelitian dengan menggunakan uji Friedman dan uji Tukey dihasilkan bahwa klasifikasi kota menjadi kota besar dan kota kecil tidak berpengaruh pada konsentrasi CH4.Kata kunci: profil, metana, AIRS, statistik, klasifikasi, kotaABSTRACTConcentration of CH4 in the atmosphere comes from the source of CH4 emissions on the earth's surface either natural or anthropogenic activities. The light molecular weight resulting CH4 can move vertically up into the stratosphere. Unbridled CH4 concentration resulted in global warming and climate change. So, it’s important to understand CH4 characteristics, especially in large cities (Jakarta, Medan, Makassar) and small towns (Ambon, Biak Noemfoor, Pangkal Pinang) in Indonesia. Using data Atmospheric Infra Red Soundings (AIRS) level 3 which has a spatial resolution of one degree and monthly temporal resolution, for time period from 2003 to 2015, we analyzed the tendency of concentration of CH4 in 6 cities and its anomalies in some altitude atmosphere as well as analysis of the influence of the city category (cities and towns based on population) towards the CH4 concentration. The method used in this research is the analysis of spatial horizontal and vertical using Grads to know region and altitude levels which have change the concentration of CH4. In additon, supported by statistical regression analysis and Friedman test and Tukey test to determine whether there is any relation between city category against concentration of CH4 in the atmosphere. The results indicate a decrease in the height of atmospheric CH4 concentrations with the pattern of logarithmic (exponential) is mostly derived from activities in the Earth's surface. Fluctuations in the concentration of CH4 in the atmosphere caused among other is by El Nino Southern Oscilation (ENSO). This condition appears on the similarities of the ENSO index values and CH4 concentrations. Based on research by using the Friedman test and Tukey's test result that classification of cities and towns has no effect on the concentration of CH4.Keywords: profile, CH4, AIRS, statistic, classification, city

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Flood risk spatial index analysis in the coastal Pekalongan, Central Java, Indonesia

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202020206028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 202 ◽

pp. 06028

Author(s):

Ratna Mustika Anindita ◽

Indah Susilowati ◽

Fuad Muhammad

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Flood Risk ◽

Risk Index ◽

Spatial Index ◽

North Coast ◽

Distribution Map ◽

High Level ◽

Spatial Distribution Map ◽

Very High ◽

Level Of Risk

The North coast of Java is increasingly exposed to flood risks due to land subsidence and climate change, resulting in sea-level rise. This paper developed a flood risk spatial index model in the coastal Pekalongan. The model was systematically arranged from various flood risk indicators related to the social, economic, and environment of coastal Pekalongan based on surveys and interviews with the communities and regional governments. These indicators are then integrated into hazard and vulnerability as components of risk. Using the index system method and ArcGIS, the risk index is classified into five levels (very high, high, medium, low, very low) and generated into a flood risk spatial distribution map. We found that the risk in the study area varies between a medium to a very high level of risk. The very high level of risk was located in Tratebang, Pecakaran, and Tegaldowo Village. A risk spatial distribution map can be used to evaluate potential risks and flood mitigation.

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Spatial distribution pattern of tau depositions in Alzheimer’s disease using data-driven approach of flortaucipir PET

10.1055/s-0041-1726790 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

J Hong ◽

K Shi ◽

A Rominger ◽

H Choi

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Distribution Pattern ◽

Spatial Distribution Pattern ◽

Data Driven ◽

Data Driven Approach ◽

Using Data

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Hydrogeochemical Analysis and Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Quality in Roundhill Landfill Vicinity of South Africa

Air Soil and Water Research ◽

10.1177/1178622119872771 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 117862211987277 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joan Nyika ◽

Ednah Onyari

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Sodium Chloride ◽

Landfill Leachate ◽

Water Samples ◽

Physicochemical Parameters ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Anthropogenic Pollution ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Magnesium Carbonate

Groundwater is the most reliable resource for consumptive uses worldwide, but it is vulnerable to anthropogenic pollution in this post-industrialization era. Pollution of the resource may result from anthropogenic activities; hence, analysing the effects of leachate on groundwater is imperative. This study assessed the spatial distribution of physicochemical parameters of groundwater in Roundhill landfill vicinity of South Africa and conducted their hydrogeochemical analysis. Water samples were collected from 3 boreholes in the landfill surroundings and analysed for selected physicochemical characteristics. Spatial distribution of these parameters showed dominant pollution by Mn2+, Fe2+, and [Formula: see text], which surpassed prescribed allowable limits of the country in most of the study area. Possibilities of simple dissolution and ion mixing were deduced from the Durov diagram. Magnesium carbonate, sodium chloride, and mixed faces of groundwater were dominant in boreholes 1 to 3, respectively. The dominance of Ca2+, Cl−, Mg2+, and [Formula: see text] ions in some boreholes suggested anthropogenic pollution. Landfill leachate was associated with groundwater pollution in the study area.

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Biosorption of Heavy Metals by the Bacterial Exopolysaccharide FucoPol

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10196708 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (19) ◽

pp. 6708

Author(s):

Patrícia Concórdio-Reis ◽

Maria A. M. Reis ◽

Filomena Freitas

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Binding Sites ◽

Metal Removal ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Chemical Methods ◽

Ph Values ◽

Bacterial Exopolysaccharide ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Specific Metal ◽

Significant Health

Despite the efforts for minimizing the usage of heavy metals, anthropogenic activities still generate high amounts of wastewater containing these contaminants that cause significant health and environmental problems. Given the drawbacks of the conventional physical and chemical methods currently used, natural biosorbents (microbial cells or their products) arise as promising environmentally friendly alternatives. In this study, the binding efficiency of the polysaccharide secreted by Enterobacter A47, FucoPol, towards lead (Pb2+), cobalt (Co2+), copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+) cations was demonstrated. FucoPol revealed a higher performance for the biosorption of Pb2+, with a maximum overall metal removal of 93.9 ± 5.3% and a specific metal uptake of 41.1 ± 2.3 mg/gEPS, from a Pb2+ solution with an initial concentration of 10 mg/L, by a 5 g/L FucoPol solution. The overall metal removal decreased considerably (≤31.3 ± 1.6%) for higher Pb2+ concentrations (48 and 100 mg/L) probably due to the saturation of FucoPol’s binding sites. Pb2+ removal was also less efficient (66.0 ± 8.2%) when a higher FucoPol concentration (10 g/L) was tested. Pb2+ removal efficiency of FucoPol was maximized at pH 4.3, however, it was affected by lower pH values (2.5–3.3). Moreover, the FucoPol’s sorption performance was unaffected (overall metal removal: 91.6–93.9%) in the temperature range of 5–40 °C. These findings demonstrate FucoPol’s great potential for utilization as a biodegradable and safe biosorbent for treating waters and wastewaters contaminated with Pb2+.

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Green Market Geography: The Spatial Clustering of Hybrid Vehicles and LEED Registered Buildings

The B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy ◽

10.2202/1935-1682.2030 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Matthew E Kahn ◽

Ryan K. Vaughn

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Spatial Clustering ◽

Revealed Preference ◽

Hybrid Vehicles ◽

Green Products ◽

Political Data ◽

Level Data ◽

Entire Nation ◽

Using Data ◽

Zip Code

Abstract This paper uses zip code level data to investigate the spatial distribution of two major "green" products. Using data from California, we document where hybrid vehicles cluster within the state. Using data for the entire nation, we study where LEED registered buildings cluster. By creating a novel measure of community environmentalism based on revealed preference political data, we document that green products cluster in environmentalist communities.

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A commentary on the shape of loess particles assuming a spatial exponential distribution for the cracks in quartz

Open Geosciences ◽

10.2478/s13533-011-0023-5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

John Howarth

Keyword(s):

Monte Carlo ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Uniform Distribution ◽

Exponential Distribution ◽

Linear Dimension ◽

Loess Particles ◽

Analytical Formulae ◽

Basic Particle ◽

Zingg Shape ◽

Engineering Projects

AbstractAn important property of loess is a tendency to collapse on loading and wetting (hydroconsolidation) which can have serious consequences worldwide for civil engineering projects. Randomly generated particles are classified according to Zingg shape categories: disc, sphere, blade and rod. This paper differs from the previous by the same author [8] in that a uniform distribution is no longer assumed for the underlying spatial distribution. Randomly placed faults in the quartz mother-rock lead naturally to an exponential distribution for the linear dimension of the basic particle. Monte Carlo processes and analytical formulae are used to calculate the average dimensions for particles in the blade category, into which most loess has been shown to fall.

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Spatial distribution of snares in Ruma National Park, Kenya, with implications for management of the roan antelope Hippotragus equinuslangheldi and other wildlife

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605313000689 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 295-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Johnstone K. Kimanzi ◽

Roy A. Sanderson ◽

Stephen P. Rushton ◽

Mware J. Mugo

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

National Park ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Negative Binomial Regression ◽

Geographical Information ◽

Complete Spatial Randomness ◽

Roan Antelope ◽

Hippotragus Equinus ◽

Using Data ◽

Salt Licks

AbstractPoaching with snares has been identified as the main cause of decline of the endemic roan antelope Hippotragus equinuslangheldi in Ruma National Park, Kenya, from > 200 in 1979 to 37 in 2009. However, the spatial snaring patterns in the Park are not clearly understood. The focus of our study was to map the spatial distribution of snares in the Park and to identify the factors influencing this distribution, to develop effective methods of wildlife protection. Using data collected from 56 sample plots during 2006–2008, coupled with geographical information system techniques, we investigated the association between the occurrence of snares and the distribution of geographical features (slope, elevation), infrastructure (roads, fences), essential resources for wildlife (water, salt licks, forage), roan locations and wildlife density. Ripley's L function for assessing complete spatial randomness indicated that snares occurred in clumps (hotspots) up to 4 km apart. Negative binomial regression indicated that these hotspots occurred (1) near water resources, salt licks and the Park boundary, (2) far from roan locations and Park roads, (3) in areas with low gradients and low wildlife density, and (4) in areas with burned vegetation. We recommend concentrating routine security patrol efforts and resources on snare hotspots to reduce snaring and to protect the roan antelope and other threatened wildlife.

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