Biochemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activities Assessment of the Fermented Medicinal Plants Extract Using Lactic Acid Bacteria

To prevent foodborne diseases and extend shelf-life, antimicrobial agents may be used in food to inhibit the growth of undesired microorganisms. The present study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of the fermented medicinal plants extract using Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. The fermentation kinetic parameters, biochemical composition and the volatile compounds of the fermented plant extract was assessed. The results showed that, the fermented plants beverage exhibited high content in polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins (152.7 mg AGE/ L; 93.6 mg RE/ L; and 62.1mg CE/ L, respectively) to compare with the extract without fermentation. The GC-MS headspace analyses showed the presence of twenty-four interesting volatile compounds. The richness of the fermented plants extracts of polyphenols content and the bioactive compound such as Eucalyptol, Camphene, α-Phellandrene, α-Terpinene improve their biological activity. In addition, the fermented plants extract exhibited a high antimicrobial potential against resistance pathogenic bacteria and fungi determined by different methods. The maximum inhibition showed in the fermented plants beverage against Escherichia coli 25922/3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 ATCC, Staphylococcus aureus 29213 ATCC, Enterococcus aerogenes 13048 ATCC, Phytophthora infestans P3 4/91 R+, Phytophthora infestans P4 20/01 R, Phytophthora infestans (GL-1). The obtained results support the hypothesis of using whey as a functional ingredient to improve food preservation. The bioprocesses of fermentation technology enhance antimicrobial and antifungal activities which could be used in different industrial applications.

4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine as an Efficient Catalyst for One-Pot Synthesis of 1,4-Pyranonaphthoquinone Derivatives viaMicrowave-Assisted Sequential Three Component Reaction in Green Solvent

Novel 1,4-pyranonaphthoquinone derivatives were successfully synthesized via the microwave-assisted three-component reaction of 1,4-naphthoquinone, malononitrile, and various arylaldehydes in ethanol in the presence of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) as a catalyst, and subsequently evaluated in terms of their antimicrobial and antifungal activities. This synthetic procedure has the notable advantages of environmental friendliness, short reaction time, good yield, and convenient operation.

Assessment of the biological potential of diaryltriazene-derived triazene compounds

In the present study, novel, 1,3-diaryltriazene-derived triazene compounds were synthesized and tested. Triazenes are versatile and belong to a group of alkylating agents with interesting physicochemical properties and proven biological activities. This study describes the synthesis, molecular and crystalline structure, biological activity evaluation, and antifungal and antimicrobial potentials of 1,3-bis(X-methoxy-Y-nitrophenyl)triazenes [X = 2 and 5; Y = 4 and 5]. The antimicrobial and antifungal activities of the compounds were tested by evaluating the sensitivity of bacteria (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC) and clinical isolates to their solutions using standardized microbiological assays, cytotoxicity evaluation, and ecotoxicity tests. The antimicrobial potentials of triazenes were determined according to their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs); these compounds were active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with low MIC values. The most surprising result was obtained for T3 having the effective MIC of 9.937 µg/mL and antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 90028, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, and C. tropicallis IC. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report promising activities of triazene compounds against yeast and filamentous fungi. The results showed the potential utility of triazenes as agents affecting selected resistant bacterial and fungal strains.

Revisiting the absolute chirality and polymorphism of (–)-Istanbulin A

The terpenoid (−)-Istanbulin A is a natural product isolated from Senecio filaginoides DC, one of the 270 species of Senecio (Asteraceae) which occurs in Argentina. The structure and absolute configuration of this compound [9a-hydroxy-3,4a,5-trimethyl-4a,6,7,8a,9,9a-hexahydro-4H,5H-naphtho[2,3-b]-furan-2,8-dione or (4S,5R,8R,10S)-1-oxo-8β-hydroxy-10βH-eremophil-7(11)-en-12,8β-olide, C15H20O4] were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. It proved to be a sesquiterpene lactone showing an eremophilanolide skeleton whose chirality is described as 4S,5R,8R,10S. Structural results were also in agreement with the one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) NMR and HR–ESI–MS data, and other complementary spectroscopic information. In addition, (−)-Istanbulin A is a polymorph of the previously reported form of (−)-Istanbulin A, form I; thus, the title compound is denoted form II or polymorph II. Structural data and a literature search allowed the chirality of Istanbulin A to be revisited. The antimicrobial and antifungal activities of (−)-Istanbulin A, form II, were evaluated in order to establish a reference for future comparisons and applications related to specific crystal forms of Istanbulins.

Synthesis And Biological Activity Evaluation Of Polyfunctionalized Anthraquinonehydrazones

Background : Anthraquinone derivatives, frequently occurring motifs in many various natural compounds, have attracted a great deal of interest as compounds with a wide spectrum of biological activities. Introduction: The hybrid pharmacophore approach has become an object of considerable interest due to incorporation of a five- or sixmembered heterocyclic rings in the structure of various natural compounds, especially anthraquinone derivatives. Methods: A series of polyfunctionalized anthraquinonehydrazones have been synthesized via azo-coupling reaction between anthraquinone-based triazenes and methylene active compounds. The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral data. Some of the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro anticancer activity according to US NCI protocols. The screening of antimicrobial and antifungal activities against Candida albicans and Lactobacillus sp. was carried out. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant (DPPH free radical scavenging assay) and herbicidal activity. Results and Discussion: The synthesized 1-[N'-(5-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-ylidene)-hydrazino]-anthraquinone 1.5 displayed high level of antimitotic activity against tested human tumor cells with mean GI50/TGI values 4.06/78.52μM. The screening of antimicrobial and antifungal activities led to identification of 1.8 and 1.9 with moderate effect on Candida albicans and Lactobacillus sp. Antioxidant activity evaluation allowed identification of 1-[N'-(3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-1,5-dihydropyrazol-4-ylidene)-hydrazino]-anthraquinone 1.8 with IC50 value 3.715 mM. The herbicidal activity screening led to compound identification 1.8 with growth inhibition of Agrostis stolonifera at 25 %. Conclusion: The obtained anthraquinonehydrazones constitute an interesting template for the design of new synthetic agents with polypharmacological activities.

A Concise overview of phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical aspects of Persian Cumin; Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B.Fedtsch

: Bunium persicum is one of the most medically and economically important species of Apiaceae family. Despite variety of phytochemical and experimental research on this species, there is no considerable update on all related outcomes. Accordingly, current work compiles an overview on Cumin’s phytochemical and pharmacological activities. Papers related to phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties of B. persicum were filtered from databases as PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus with the term "Bunium persicum" till 15th May 2020. Genetic, pure pharmaceutical and agriculture papers were excluded. Moreover, traditional applications of this herb in Persian medicine were studied and included. In all, 54 papers reporting the compositions, Anticonvulsant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-glycation, antidiarrhea, anti-hematotoxic, anti-toxoplasmosis, hypoglycemic, larvicidal, scolicidal, anticholinergic and antihistaminic activities of B. persicum as well as reducing and stabilizing effects in nanoparticles. Three clinical trials have also been conducted on B. persicum. There are also numerous effects, cited in traditional manuscripts such as gastroprotective, kidney tonic, slimming activity and antidote for poisons. Most dominant chemical composition of Cumin is the essential oil, responsible for various potent antimicrobial and antifungal activities. The herb also contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds which reflect the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Many of the experimental and pharmacological studies on B. persicum have traces in traditional manuscripts. There are also medical aspects which have not yet been evaluated. Despite various experimental investigations, lack of extensive clinical studies which is currently limited to few trials on remarked activities of B. persicum is still remained to be covered.

Production of Flavonoids in Callus Cultures of Sophora flavescens Aiton

Flavonoids, including maackiain (Maac) from Sophora flavescens Aiton roots, have many pharmacological properties, such as antitumor, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities. This research aimed to develop an in vitro plant and callus culture system for S. flavescens for the purpose of generating an alternative production system for enhancing Maac production, as Maac is usually present in very small amounts in S. flavescens’ roots. We arranged the optimal conditions of different tissues of S. flavescens and supplemented the medium with various plant growth regulators (PGRs). The highest induction and proliferation rates of callus was shown in combination treatments of all concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) and picloram. In addition, calli induced with leaf explants cultured on 2.0 mg/L picloram and 0.5 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA) in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium had the highest accumulation of the active metabolite Maac. In vitro shoots were regenerated on medium containing combinations of TDZ and α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). A reliable protocol for the mass production of secondary metabolites using a callus culture of S. flavescens was successfully established.

Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activities of Terpene-Derived Palladium Complexes

In an era of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections overshadowed by a lack of innovation in the antimicrobial drug development pipeline, there has been a resurgence in multidisciplinary approaches aimed at tackling this global health problem. One such approach is to use metal complexes as a framework for new antimicrobials. Indeed, in this context, bismuth-, silver- and gold-derived compounds in particular have displayed demonstrable antimicrobial activity. In this work, we discuss the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of terpene-derived chiral palladium complexes against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans. It was established that all studied coordination compounds of palladium were highly active antifungal drugs. In contrast, the subset of palladacycles possessing a palladium–carbon bond were only active against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. All compounds were inactive against the Gram-negative bacteria tested.