scholarly journals Etnisten vähemmistönuorten kokemukset virallisesta kontrollista ja leimasta

Kriminologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-38
Author(s):  
Elsa Saarikkomäki

Vaikka luottamus poliisiin on Suomessa korkeaa, viime aikoina keskustelua on herättänyt etninen profilointi, poliisin voimankäyttö ja Black Lives Matter -liike. Etnisten vähemmistöjen ja poliisin suhteet näyttäytyvät usein kielteisinä ja niissä on havaittu epäluottamusta, mutta aihetta ei ole tutkittu riittävästi Suomessa. Tässä artikkelissa tutkitaan, millaisia kokemuksia etnisillä vähemmistönuorilla on kohtaamisistaan poliisien ja yksityisen turvallisuusalan toimijoiden kanssa. Artikkelissa tutkitaan myös sitä, miten nuoret ovat kokeneet tulleensa leimatuiksi näissä kohtaamisissa. Artikkeli hyödyntää kolmenkymmenen nuoren yksilö- ja ryhmähaastatteluaineistoa (N = 18), jota analysoidaan teemoittelun keinoin. Tutkimuksen osallistujat ovat syntyneet tai asuneet pitkään Suomessa. Silti he kokivat tulosten mukaan olevansa kontrollin alaisena arkielämässään. Nuoret tulkitsivat, että heidän oletettu maahanmuuttajataustansa tai etninen vähemmistötaustansa näyttäytyi poliisin, järjestyksenvalvojien ja vartijoiden näkökulmasta epäilyttävänä, potentiaalisena rikollisena tai häiriön aiheuttajana. Näitä tilanteita tuli esiin a) kontrollitoimijoiden etsiessä rikolliseksi epäiltyjä henkilöitä (leimaavat tuntomerkit), b) henkilöpapereita kysyttäessä Suomen kansalaisilta (oletettu ulkomaalaisvalvonta) ja c) yleisesti järjestyksenvalvonnassa. Tulosten mukaan epäily tuotti kielteistä kuvaa puuttumistoimista, leimaa ja toiseuden kokemusta. Leimautumista tapahtui näissä vuorovaikutustilanteissa, mutta nuoret myös vastustivat leimoja, esimerkiksi vältellessään tai kyseenalaistaessaan puuttumistoimia ja sanktioita. Artikkeli laajentaa ymmärrystä kriminologisesta leimaamisteoriasta ja kontrollin valikoivuudesta etnisten vähemmistönuorten näkökulmasta. Jatkuva epäilyn alaisena oleminen ja kontrollin kautta luotu rikollisen leima haastaa yhteiskuntaan kuulumista, identiteettiä ja luottamusta.   Elsa Saarikkomäki: Experiences of official control and labelling amongst ethnic minority youths. Finland is characterised by the high levels of trust in the police. Recently though, discussions have been raised about ethnic profiling, and the use of force by the police, illustrated namely by the Black Lives Matter movement. Encounters between ethnic minorities and policing agents are often perceived as negative and lacking trust. However, these questions are not yet sufficiently studied.  This article studies experiences of the police and private security officers among ethnic minority youths. Particularly, the analysis focuses on whether young people perceive the contacts as labelling and stigmatizing. The article is based on thematic analysis of 18 in-depth interviews (total 30 youths participated in individual and focus group interviews). Even if the study participants were born or lived in Finland for a long time, they experienced being common targets of policing due to their ethnic minority background or (assumed) immigrant background. These perceptions were based on situations where the policing agents looked for “suspects” (labelling attributes), or where the control agents asked for the identification card (assumed foreign control), as well as in general situations of maintaining law and order. The participants perceived these situations often as negative, labelling and they felt being treated as “others”. Yet, the participants also resisted stigma in different ways. The findings expand the criminological discussions of labelling and control biases from the viewpoints of ethnic minority youths. Furthermore, being often suspected and labelled as delinquent challenge belonging to society, identity and general trust. Keywords: ethnic profiling – criminological labeling theory – youth – police – private security sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-143
Author(s):  
Elsa Saarikkomäki ◽  
Anne Alvesalo-Kuusi

An increasing amount of literature is suggesting that ethnic minorities perceive their relations with the police as negative and procedurally unjust. There is, however, a distinctive lack of research on the relations between ethnic minorities and private security agents. This study uses the qualitative interviews of 30 ethnic minority youths living in Finland to explore their interactions with security guards. The findings suggest that perceptions of discrimination, suspicion, being moved on, and exclusion from city space were common. The study advances the theorizations of the changes in policing and procedural justice and incorporates these into the discussions on policing the city space. It argues that net-widening of policing means that city spaces are becoming more unwelcoming for ethnic minority youths in particular, limiting their opportunities to use city spaces.


1992 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 81-101
Author(s):  
Guus Extra

The growing presence of ethnic minority groups in society is not a phenomenon that can only be observed in the Netherlands. It is estimated that in the year 2000 about one-third of the population below 35 years in urban Western Europe will have an immigrant background. Against this background, demographic trends in processes of immigration and the emergence of ethnic minority groups will be discussed, both from a European and national perspective. Special attention will be paid to problems in defining and identifying ethnic minority groups in the Netherlands, and to the neglected role of the language factor in these issues. As a follow-up of this target group discussion, the focus will be on major characteristics of Dutch policies regarding the education of ethnic minority groups. Both in primary and secondary education, a two-track approach can be observed. Special educational arrangements are made for the teaching of Dutch as a second language and the teaching of ethnic community languages. An outline of this two-track approach will be presented, along with recent research evidence and policy initiatives. Moreover, ideas will be presented for a re-thinking of some basic pre-conceptions in these particular domains of educational policy.


Author(s):  
M. Iwatsuki ◽  
Y. Kokubo ◽  
Y. Harada ◽  
J. Lehman

In recent years, the electron microscope has been significantly improved in resolution and we can obtain routinely atomic-level high resolution images without any special skill. With this improvement, the structure analysis of organic materials has become one of the interesting targets in the biological and polymer crystal fields.Up to now, X-ray structure analysis has been mainly used for such materials. With this method, however, great effort and a long time are required for specimen preparation because of the need for larger crystals. This method can analyze average crystal structure but is insufficient for interpreting it on the atomic or molecular level. The electron microscopic method for organic materials has not only the advantage of specimen preparation but also the capability of providing various information from extremely small specimen regions, using strong interactions between electrons and the substance. On the other hand, however, this strong interaction has a big disadvantage in high radiation damage.


Author(s):  
YIQUN MA

For a long time, the development of dynamical theory for HEER has been stagnated for several reasons. Although the Bloch wave method is powerful for the understanding of physical insights of electron diffraction, particularly electron transmission diffraction, it is not readily available for the simulation of various surface imperfection in electron reflection diffraction since it is basically a method for bulk materials and perfect surface. When the multislice method due to Cowley & Moodie is used for electron reflection, the “edge effects” stand firmly in the way of reaching a stationary solution for HEER. The multislice method due to Maksym & Beeby is valid only for an 2-D periodic surface.Now, a method for solving stationary solution of HEER for an arbitrary surface is available, which is called the Edge Patching method in Multislice-Only mode (the EPMO method). The analytical basis for this method can be attributed to two important characters of HEER: 1) 2-D dependence of the wave fields and 2) the Picard iteractionlike character of multislice calculation due to Cowley and Moodie in the Bragg case.


Author(s):  
Yimei Zhu ◽  
J. Tafto

The electron holes confined to the CuO2-plane are the charge carriers in high-temperature superconductors, and thus, the distribution of charge plays a key role in determining their superconducting properties. While it has been known for a long time that in principle, electron diffraction at low angles is very sensitive to charge transfer, we, for the first time, show that under a proper TEM imaging condition, it is possible to directly image charge in crystals with a large unit cell. We apply this new way of studying charge distribution to the technologically important Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+δ superconductors.Charged particles interact with the electrostatic potential, and thus, for small scattering angles, the incident particle sees a nuclei that is screened by the electron cloud. Hence, the scattering amplitude mainly is determined by the net charge of the ion. Comparing with the high Z neutral Bi atom, we note that the scattering amplitude of the hole or an electron is larger at small scattering angles. This is in stark contrast to the displacements which contribute negligibly to the electron diffraction pattern at small angles because of the short g-vectors.


Author(s):  
M. G. Burke ◽  
M. N. Gungor ◽  
M. A. Burke

Intermetallic matrix composites are candidates for ultrahigh temperature service when light weight and high temperature strength and stiffness are required. Recent efforts to produce intermetallic matrix composites have focused on the titanium aluminide (TiAl) system with various ceramic reinforcements. In order to optimize the composition and processing of these composites it is necessary to evaluate the range of structures that can be produced in these materials and to identify the characteristics of the optimum structures. Normally, TiAl materials are difficult to process and, thus, examination of a suitable range of structures would not be feasible. However, plasma processing offers a novel method for producing composites from difficult to process component materials. By melting one or more of the component materials in a plasma and controlling deposition onto a cooled substrate, a range of structures can be produced and the method is highly suited to examining experimental composite systems. Moreover, because plasma processing involves rapid melting and very rapid cooling can be induced in the deposited composite, it is expected that processing method can avoid some of the problems, such as interfacial degradation, that are associated with the relatively long time, high temperature exposures that are induced by conventional processing methods.


Author(s):  
Shailesh R. Sheth ◽  
Jayesh R. Bellare

Specimen support and astigmatism correction in Electron Microscopy are at least two areas in which lacey polymer films find extensive applications. Although their preparation has been studied for a very long time, present techniques still suffer from incomplete release of the film from its substrate and presence of a large number of pseudo holes in the film. Our method ensures complete removal of the entire lacey film from the substrate and fewer pseudo holes by pre-treating the substrate with Gum Arabic, which acts as a film release agent.The method is based on the classical condensation technique for preparing lacey films which is essentially deposition of minute water or ice droplets on the substrate and laying the polymer film over it, so that micro holes are formed corresponding to the droplets. A microscope glass slide (the substrate) is immersed in 2.0% (w/v) aq. CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide)-0.22% (w/v) aq.


Author(s):  
K.-H. Herrmann ◽  
W. D. Rau ◽  
R. Sikeler

Quantitative recording of electron patterns and their rapid conversion into digital information is an outstanding goal which the photoplate fails to solve satisfactorily. For a long time, LLL-TV cameras have been used for EM adjustment but due to their inferior pixel number they were never a real alternative to the photoplate. This situation has changed with the availability of scientific grade slow-scan charged coupled devices (CCD) with pixel numbers exceeding 106, photometric accuracy and, by Peltier cooling, both excellent storage and noise figures previously inaccessible in image detection technology. Again the electron image is converted into a photon image fed to the CCD by some light optical transfer link. Subsequently, some technical solutions are discussed using the detection quantum efficiency (DQE), resolution, pixel number and exposure range as figures of merit.A key quantity is the number of electron-hole pairs released in the CCD sensor by a single primary electron (PE) which can be estimated from the energy deposit ΔE in the scintillator,


Author(s):  
Rudolf Oldenbourg

The polarized light microscope has the unique potential to measure submicroscopic molecular arrangements dynamically and non-destructively in living cells and other specimens. With the traditional pol-scope, however, single images display only those anisotropic structures that have a limited range of orientations with respect to the polarization axes of the microscope. Furthermore, rapid measurements are restricted to a single image point or single area that exhibits uniform birefringence or other form of optical anisotropy, while measurements comparing several image points take an inordinately long time.We are developing a new kind of polarized light microscope which combines speed and high resolution in its measurement of the specimen anisotropy, irrespective of its orientation. The design of the new pol-scope is based on the traditional polarized light microscope with two essential modifications: circular polarizers replace linear polarizers and two electro-optical modulators replace the traditional compensator. A video camera and computer assisted image analysis provide measurements of specimen anisotropy in rapid succession for all points of the image comprising the field of view.


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