Meta-analysis of the efficacy of preoperative skin preparation with alcoholic chlorhexidine compared to povidone iodine in orthopedic surgery

Preoperative skin preparation is an effective method to prevent surgical site infections (SSI). Alcoholic chlorhexidine (CHG) and povidone iodine (PV-I) are the most widely used antiseptic agents. This meta-analysis aims to determine their efficacy in reducing natural bacterial skin flora in clean orthopedic surgery. A systematic search was conducted through current literature up to June 2021 to identify clinical randomized trials that compared the efficacy of alcoholic chlorhexidine and povidone iodine in reducing bacterial skin colonization after preoperative skin preparation. A meta-analysis was conducted. Of 235 screened articles, 8 randomized controlled trials were included. The results of the meta-analysis demonstrate a significantly lower positive culture rate in the chlorhexidine group than in the povidone iodine group (RR = 0.53, 95% Cl: 0.32–0.88). The present data show the superiority of chlorhexidine in reducing the normal bacterial flora compared to povidone iodine in clean orthopedic surgery.

Cataract Surgery by Intraoperative Surface Irrigation with 0.25% Povidone–Iodine

Postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery is typically caused by the patient’s own conjunctival normal bacterial flora. A three-step approach is recommended to prevent endophthalmitis: (1) “border control” to prevent microorganisms from entering the eye by disinfecting the ocular surface is the most important measure; (2) bacteria that have gained access into the anterior chamber are reduced by irrigation; (3) bacteria remaining in the anterior chamber and vitreous at the end of surgery are controlled by antibacterial drugs. We have devised a method, “the Shimada technique”, for irrigating the ocular surface with povidone-iodine, a disinfectant with potent microbicidal effect and established effective and safe concentrations for eye tissues. Povidone-iodine exhibits a bactericidal effect for a wide concentration range of 0.005–10%, but 0.1% povidone-iodine has the highest activity and requires the shortest time of only 15 s to achieve microbicidal effect. When used to irrigate the ocular surface every 20–30 s during cataract surgery, 0.25% povidone-iodine is conceivably diluted to around 0.1%. Irrigation with 0.25% povidone-iodine during cataract surgery significantly reduced bacteria contamination rate in the anterior chamber compared with saline (p = 0.0017) without causing corneal endothelial damage.

Brain abscess of odontogenic origin in patients with malignant tumors: A report of two cases

Background: Oral infection and dental manipulations can lead to the development of brain abscesses, a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. Herein, we report patients undergoing cancer treatment who developed brain abscesses of odontogenic origin at our hospital. Case Description: Two patients developed brain abscesses during cancer treatment. Both underwent neurosurgical aspiration, and the causative microorganism was identified as Streptococcus intermedius of the Streptococcus anginosus group, which is a part of the normal bacterial flora in the oral cavity. There was clinical and radiographic evidence of dental infection in one of the patients diagnosed with a brain abscess of odontogenic origin. No infectious foci were found in the other patient during hospitalization for the abscess. However, the patient had undergone extraction of an infected tooth approximately 3 months before admission for the abscess, suggesting origination from an oral infection or dental manipulation. The patients’ cancers rapidly worsened because cancer treatment in both patients was interrupted for several months to treat the brain abscess. Conclusion: Oral infections can cause severe infections, such as brain abscesses, particularly during the treatment of malignant tumors. Improving the oral environment or treating oral infections before initiating treatment for malignant tumors is highly recommended. In addition, the possibility of odontogenic origin should always be considered as a potential etiology of brain abscesses.

The first 4 years - Outcome of children identified by newborn screening for CF in Germany

Background: Newborn screening (NBS) has been shown to improve CF disease course and has been widely implemented worldwide. This monocentric study compared children diagnosed by NBS vs. a cohort preceding the implementation of NBS in Germany in 2016 to evaluate ascribed benefits of NBS. Methods: We compared all children with confirmed CF diagnosis (n=19, “NBS group”) out of all children presenting with positive NBS at our center after implementation of NBS (n=100) to children diagnosed with CF at our center within 4 years before NBS implementation (n=29, “pre-NBS group”) for outcomes of anthropometry, gastrointestinal and pulmonary disease manifestations and respiratory microbiology. Results: Children diagnosed by NBS had a lower incidence of initial feeding problems (15% vs. 41%), had a higher BMI z-score at diagnosis and higher mean z-scores for BMI, weight and length during the study period. Children in the pre-NBS group displayed higher proportions of oxygen-dependent pulmonary exacerbations (10% vs. 0%), a significantly lower amount of normal bacterial flora (p=0.005) along with a significantly higher number of throat swab cultures positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p=0.0154) in the first year of life. Yet, pulmonary imaging did not reveal less pulmonary morbidity in the NBS compared to the pre-NBS group. Conclusions: Our results confirm that NBS for CF leads to earlier diagnosis and improves nutritional outcomes in early childhood. Although trajectories of structural lung damage at early age were unaffected by NBS, NBS positive CF patients at preschool age displayed less severe pulmonary exacerbations and pathological bacteria in throat swabs.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE WAREHOUSE OF FERMENTED PRODUCTS USING VEGETABLE FILLERS

To create fermented products, it is necessary to determine the composition of highly efficient cultures of microorganisms, which, along with high productivity, have a high and diverse biochemical activity. The correct choice of biologically active strains of bifido- and lacto cultures for the production of fermented dairy products allows to obtain a quality that meets the requirements of regulatory documents. One of the promising areas of fermented milk fermented products is the development of complex yeasts based on consortia of probiotic bacteria of different taxonomic groups, which are more resistant to adverse environmental factors and have higher activity compared to yeasts made using pure monocultures. The selection criteria for strains for fermentation compositions are their biological activity, ie the ability to provide the predicted functional effect on the human body, as well as technological parameters that will obtain dessert fermented milk products with certain physicochemical and rheological properties. The article scientifically researches and substantiates the composition of pro- and prebiotics, the influence of the bifidostimulating component and the stabilizing system on the quality indicators of fermented dessert products, developed technologies of sour milk desserts based on a consortium of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Since milk is an unfavorable environment for the development of most microorganisms - representatives of the normal bacterial flora of the human gastrointestinal tract and does not contain low molecular weight compounds necessary for the development of microorganisms, and most bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Bifidobacterium are obligate in milk oxygen, they develop very slowly in milk. The conducted researches allowed to develop recipes and technologies of production of fermented desserts on milk and milk-flour basis, with the use of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, as well as bifidostimulants, structurants and fruit - berry fillers, which retain high biological value, delicate texture, taste and aroma for 15 days.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI FRAKSI DAUN CABE RAWIT (Capsicum frutescens L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureus is a normal bacterial flora found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can also overgrow and invade under certain conditions, act as pathogenic bacteria that cause various diseases or disorders in the body, one of which is a respiratory tract infection. The cayenne pepper plant is widely used by people in the cayenne pepper fruit section as a spice ingredient in various traditional dishes, however, the cayenne pepper leaves are still not widely used. Cayenne pepper leaves contain saponin and phenol group compounds, namely flavonoids, which have inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the most active fraction inhibiting the growth of staphylococcus aureus bacteria in vitro. It carried testing the antibacterial activity of the test plants out by the solid diffusion method. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract fraction from cayenne pepper leaves (Capsicum frutescent L.) Was the most active antibacterial fraction against staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a minimum inhibitory level (MIC) of 10% w / v with a very strong category.

Frog Skin-Derived Peptides Against Corynebacterium jeikeium: Correlation between Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities

Corynebacterium jeikeium is a commensal bacterium that colonizes human skin, and it is part of the normal bacterial flora. In non-risk subjects, it can be the cause of bad body smell due to the generation of volatile odorous metabolites, especially in the wet parts of the body that this bacterium often colonizes (i.e., groin and axillary regions). Importantly, in the last few decades, there have been increasing cases of serious infections provoked by this bacterium, especially in immunocompromised or hospitalized patients who have undergone installation of prostheses or catheters. The ease in developing resistance to commonly-used antibiotics (i.e., glycopeptides) has made the search for new antimicrobial compounds of clinical importance. Here, for the first time, we characterize the antimicrobial activity of some selected frog skin-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against C. jeikeium by determining their minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) by a microdilution method. The results highlight esculentin-1b(1-18) [Esc(1-18)] and esculentin-1a(1-21) [Esc(1-21)] as the most active AMPs with MIC and MBC of 4–8 and 0.125–0.25 µM, respectively, along with a non-toxic profile after a short- and long-term (40 min and 24 h) treatment of mammalian cells. Overall, these findings indicate the high potentiality of Esc(1-18) and Esc(1-21) as (i) alternative antimicrobials against C. jeikeium infections and/or as (ii) additives in cosmetic products (creams, deodorants) to reduce the production of bad body odor.

The Influence of Probiotic on Dadiah as Fermented Buffalo Milk Product for Breastfeeding Women with Normal Bacterial Flora of the Gastrointestinal Tract

INTRODUCTION: Dadiah is a fermented buffalo milk product containing many potential lactic acid bacteria as probiotics. Lactic acid bacteria and their derivative products can prevent the onset of various diseases such as spur health and heart work, good food to increase stamina and endurance, prevent colorectal cancer, and improve intestinal microflora. AIM: This study aims to determine the influence of probiotic on dadiah as fermented buffalo milk products for breastfeeding women with normal bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS: The study was conducted on 28 breastfeeding mothers who were divided into two groups with the same proportion, i.e., mothers who received dadiah ice cream and not. Interventions were performed for 1 month and analysis was performed on an infant’s feces. DNA isolated from feces and Lactobacillus plantarum concentrations were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The standard curve designed to get the concentration of bacteria appropriately. Data analysis used SPSS version 20.0. Numerical data were analyzed by used unpaired t-test and paired t-test. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The results showed that the mean intestinal microflora from the infant before the dadiah ice cream given was 4.2 × 107 CFU/g and after the dadiah ice cream was 8.6 × 108 CFU/g (p < 0.05) while in the control group, the mean L. plantarum intestinal infants before administered whey ice cream is 2.6 × 107 CFU/g and thereafter 1.3 × 107 CFU/g (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that there is an increase in L. plantarum concentration after the provision of dadiah ice cream in breastfeeding mothers.

Lactobacillus species As a Cause of Urinary Tract Infection

Lactobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria.1 In human, they constitute a significant component of microbial flora at a number of body sites, such as the digestive system, urinary system, and genital system. Lactobacillus species are normally a major part of the vaginal microbial flora.2,3,4 As a normal bacterial flora of the vagina the organisms are typically considered contaminants when cultured from urine specimens of female patients. Here we describe the case of a female patient with chronic pyuria and urinary tract symptoms in which Lactobacillus spp. was determined to be the causative microorganism. After proper treatment the patient gets well soon. J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 27, No.2, October, 2018, Page 215-217