Regarding the choice of composite indicators of ecological safety of water in the basin of the Siversky Donets

The lack of effective mechanisms of the methods of basin management, control of and responsibility for the ecological state of surface sources of drinking water leads to the fact that the main man-made objects that determine the ecological state of surface water sources are most often located in one oblast, while the production and consumption of the drinking water from those sources occur in the territory of other oblasts, which complicates the effective management of environmental safety of surface water sources. This is especially true for the regions of Ukraine which are poor in surface water resources, located in the basin of the Siversky Donets River, the water bodies of which are the main sources of water supply in the eastern regions of the country. The main consumer of water is Donetsk Oblast (over 50 % of the annual volume), and Kharkiv and Luhansk Oblasts together consume approximately the same volume of water per year (up to 50 % of the annual volume). Therefore, it is important to substantiate the integrated indicators of the ecological status of the water body to improve the environmental safety of surface water sources. The paper shows that oxygen indicators play an important role in the ecology of a water body. They are associated with the assimilative ability of water, the ability of water to decompose organic matter. Therefore, the content of dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen consumption in water is of great interest not only in terms of life development, but also as a composite measure of the ecological status of the aquatic environment. The relationship between the value of the combined index of water pollution and the value of biochemical oxygen consumption makes the indicator of biochemical oxygen consumption important for the integrated assessment of water contamination with various organic substances. For the tasks for which we justify the choice of composite measures of the ecological condition of surface waters, it is more important to identify the effects of contamination not directly at the site of contamination, but at some distance from it and after some time. Therefore, the use of the amount of dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen consumption as indicators that characterize the oxidation of pollutants present in water is the most appropriate for the tasks of timely monitoring of water bodies. Therefore, as a composite indicator for characterizing the condition of the watercourse and conducting timely monitoring, we chose oxygen indicators.

MONITORING OF ECOLOGICAL SAFETY OF WATERCOURSES BY MEANS OF OXYGEN INDICATORS

All source information for the tasks of effective management of water resources is based on the results of observations and measurements, ie on the results of monitoring. Despite the apparent advantages of assessing surface water quality using comprehensive indicators, the creation of about 30 of the most well-known comprehensive indicators of water quality since the first attempts in this field of hydrochemistry and to date, the only comprehensive indicator that combines assessment of natural masses of different water bodies objects does not exist. It is proposed to monitor one or two indicators in certain sections of the river, which characterize the ecological state comprehensively, and in case of emergencies and non-stationary situations – to conduct a complete chemical analysis of water. For this purpose it is most expedient to use oxygen indicators - dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen consumption.

APPLICATION OF SHUNGITE FOR CLEANING POULTRY WASTEWATER

The article presents the results of organoleptic and physicochemical analysis of waste water from poultry enterprises after passing through a shungite filter. The efficiency of using a filter based on shungite for purification and disinfection of wastewater is shown. The elimination of an unpleasant odor, a several-fold decrease in indices for turbidity, color, oxidizability, and biochemical oxygen consumption were recorded. The amount of lead decrease by 42.2 was noted; manganese – 34.2; copper – 74,1; zinc – 83,6 % (P<0.001); sulfates – 19,5 % (P<0,05); chlorides – 90,6 %; phosphates - by 44,8 % (P<0.001). The amount of ammonia in waste water with a significant excess of this indicator in the starting material after filtration decreased by 2,5 times (P<0.001).

On the creation of databases to assess the impact of chemicals on the organoleptic and general sanitary limiting signs of the harmfulness in the water of water bodies

Introduction. Information on the MPC (TAC) value and the limiting hazard sign is important for the analysis of the hazard of chemicals in the water of water bodies for the health of the population, serves as the basis for the development of preventive measures to ensure safe conditions for water use by the population. For the purpose of specifying the possible adverse effects of the influence of chemicals on the hygienic conditions of water use of the population, information is needed on the entire spectrum of the effects of chemicals on water quality indicators. Materials and methods. The object of the study was indicators characterizing the effect of chemicals on the organoleptic properties of water and the general sanitary regime of water bodies, algorithms for analyzing primary data to determine threshold concentrations for the effect on odor, color, turbidity, foaming, pH, general sanitary regime of water bodies - biochemical oxygen consumption, concentration of nitrogenous connections. To organize the databases, the standard apparatus of the Excel subBD electronic tables was used. The mathematical apparatus of data analysis, grouping and selection of critical indicators of limiting signs is presented. Conclusion. It is concluded that the use of databases allows to study the relationship “concentration - effect”, increases the reliability and accuracy of substantiating the threshold concentration of pollutants in water by the influence of limiting signs of harmfulness.

Comparison of Methods for Assessing the Assimilation Capacity of the Kazakhstani Sector of the Ili River

A mixed inverse problem for determining the biochemical oxygen demand of water ( L 0 ) and the rate of biochemical oxygen consumption ( k 0 ), which are important indicators of water quality, has been formulated and numerically solved based on real experimental data. The inverse problem is reduced to the optimization problem consisting in minimization of the deviation of the calculated values from the experimental data, which is solved numerically using the Nelder–Mead method (zero order) and the gradient method (first order). A number of examples of processing both model experimental data and field experimental data provided by hydrological stations monitoring pollutants in the Kazakhstani part of the Ili River basin are presented. A mathematical model that adequately describes the processes in the river system has been constructed.

Case Study Regarding the Variation of the Qualitative Parameters of Wastewater

Romania is making efforts in order to enforce the Directive concerning urban waste water treatment and was left behind by other member states. Starting from the premise that the lack of a proper treatment of wastewater can negatively influence the quality of the emissary in which they are discharged., we proposed that in this paper we analyze the main indicators of wastewater quality, identifying also the causes of water pollution. For this purpose, we followed the variation of five representative indicators of wastewater from Calarasi Wastewater Treatment Plan: chemical oxygen consumption, biochemical oxygen consumption, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, suspended solids. The best results in purification were observed regarding the biochemical oxygen consumption (over 95%). The low temperature of wastewater at the entrance to the Wastewater Treatment Plant during winter leads to a difficult exploitation of the biological step and implicitly to the increase of the phosphorus and total nitrogen concentration in the effluent, which means a weak process of eutrophication in the emissary.

Composition of waste water from poultry factories and their suitability for irrigation of agricultural crops (as an example of Tashkent province, Uzbekistan)

This article highlights the composition of wastewater from poultry farms and their suitability for irrigation of agricultural crops. It has been established that the chemical demand of wastewater from poultry farms is 480–850 mg О2/l, which indicates a high level of contamination with organic products. Coarse and finely dispersed substances vary within 430–720 mg/l, and biochemical oxygen consumption on the fifth day (BOD5) within 0.39–0.74 g О2/l, and at the time of mass effluent emissions it reached 15–1.6 g О2/l. The titer of Escherichia coli was equal to 10-6, the number of microbes ranged from 48.5 x 106 to 61.6 x 106. Determination of the suitability of wastewater based on generally accepted methods showed that they are quite suitable for irrigation of crops without additional reclamation measures.

Geochemical characteristic of river and ground waters (Outer zone of the Precarpathian deep)

Geochemical peculiarities of river and groundwaters of the Outer zone of the Precarpathian deep have been established. It is revealed that the main feature of the distribution of salt composition indicators in the Dniester River and its influxes is hydrochemical zonality, which does not depend on the flow direction of the rivers, but is consistent with the physics-geographical and geological features of the area to which the man-made factor is imposed. There is an increase in concentrations of sulfate, calcium in the left bank confluent of the river Shchyrka. The waters from the Tysmenytsya, Kolodnitsa and Dniester rivers in the village Kolodrubi are characterized by the highest amounts of sodium and chlorides and are sodium chloride-hydrocarbonate composition. The water composition of the Dniester River (Rozvadiv village), its confluents Bystrytsia and Letnyanka are hydrocarbonate calcium (sodium-magnesium-calcium), Shchyrka, Vereshchitsa – sulfate-hydrocarbonate calcium (magnesium-calcium). The index of biochemical oxygen consumption for 5 days in the waters of Tysmenytsya River reached 4.5 mg O2/dm3, while in other rivers it was 0.70‒3.20 mg O2/dm3. The content of O2 soluble in the waters of the river Vereshchytsya was 0.29 mg/dm3, the value of biochemical oxygen consumption was 11.4 mg O2/dm3. In the chemical composition of river waters, there is an increase in the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions from the left bank to the right bank confluents of the Dniester. In the left-bank confluents, in the chemical composition of water dominate the contents of calcium and hydrocarbons ions. The heterogeneity of the lithological composition, the instability of the thickness of the aquifer both in the horizontal and vertical directions, and the different technogenic influence form the irregularity of pollution and its local distribution in groundwater.

TOXICITY OF DIOCTYLTEREPHTHALATE

Dioctylterephthalate is a general-purpose plasticizer, has low toxicity, and does not irritate the mucous membranes of the eye and the skin; the maximum nonlethal dose (DL0) for dioctylterephthalate after intragastric administration is set at 10,000 mg/kg. Indicative safe exposure level for dioctylterephthalate in ambient air in urban and rural settlements is recommended at 0.5 mg/m3. Substance has low acute toxicity; the maximum inactive dose is set at 4 mg/kg. The substance has low solubility in water (0.4 μg/l), does not affect the dynamics of biochemical oxygen consumption. Threshold concentration in water on organoleptic characteristic is set at 0.25 mg/l as for low hazard substances.

THE APPLICATION OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE THRESHOLD CONCENTRATIONS OF THE INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES ON THE SANITARY STATUS OF WATERS

Introduction. The rapid growth in the production and use of pesticides poses a real risk of the possible contamination of water bodies, which determines the urgency of the improving the methods of hygienic rating of pesticide preparations in water bodies, as well as the search for screening methods for establishing threshold concentrations.The issues of the need to improve the methodological approaches to the hygienic regulation of pesticide products in water of water bodies are considered, the need for further scientific study of this issue is shown. Material and methods. There are presented results of ourselves laboratory studies on the effect of herbicides of the sulfonylurea class on the processes of self-purification of reservoirs according to the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) index. In the work there were used substances of the sulfonylureas derivatives with a multi-directional mechanism of action that exerts both a stimulating and inhibitory effect on the course of processes of the biochemical oxygen consumption. With the use of the formula (Gotovtsev A.V., 2016), the total biochemical oxygen consumption for sulfonylurea derivatives was calculated from the two experimentally measured BOD values. Results. The data of biochemical oxygen consumption for two substances, obtained as a result of experimental studies, are presented. Selected substances have a multi-directional effect on the course of biochemical processes: stimulation - deviation of BOD from the control (%); inhibition - deviation of BOD from the control (%). There was made an estimation of the possible use of the formula for calculating the total biochemical oxygen consumption obtained in the solution of the modified Streeter-Phelps equation system for pesticides of the sulfonylurea class. The formula was applied as a mathematical model for the predictive assessment of the establishment of threshold concentrations of pesticides on the effect on the sanitary regime of water bodies (accordingly to BOD index). Discussion. In the paper, experimental and calculated values of biochemical oxygen consumption were compared, which shows the possibility of using this mathematical method for predicting the effect of pesticidal preparations of this class on the processes of self-purification of water reservoirs. Conclusion. There was shown the possibility of using mathematical modeling methods, in particular, the modified Streeter-Phelps system of equations in the practice of sanitary and hygienic investigations.