PHOTOCATALYTIC TREATMENT OF WATERS, POLLUTED WITH PHENOLS

The analysis of the environmental and human health threats imposed by phenols was conducted to show the need for further improvement of methods of their destruction. Being toxic in their initial composition and precursor to toxic metabolites in human body, phenols should be controlled in natural water and waste waters. They are listed as priority pollutants in most national regulation around the world and are the initial compounds for the formation of persistent organic pollutants in the environment, polluted with other active radicals. A variety of physical and chemical methods were offered for the destructive or non-destructive removal of phenols and their derivatives from water. The comparative study of possible methods, described in research papers, was conducted in terms of their efficiency and complexity to define benefits and drawbacks. The analysis showed the need for development of low energy consuming method, which needs minimal equipment and can be run under industrial condition for phenol contaminated wastewaters. Among the possible methods which meet the mentioned criteria photocatalytic destruction of phenols was showed to be perspective. A series of experiments was conducted using a range of water solution of phenol and different dosage of catalysts. The catalysts used in experiments were made of 6 modification of titanium oxide and bismuth ferrite. The initial and residual concentration of phenol was controlled by the means of high-performance liquid chromatography. The duration of the exposure and the type of light were other independent variables. The results of the whole sequence of experiments demonstrated higher efficiency of rutile under visible light and one hour of exposure. The tested photocatalytic system is simple and therefore technically and economically feasible.

REDUCTION OF THE LEVEL OF TECHNOGENIC HAZARD NEGATIVE EFFECT OF SEDIMENTS OF URBAN WASTE WATER ON THE ENVIRONMENT WITH HUMIC SUBSTANCES

The article discusses the issues of reducing the level of technogenic safety of the negative impact of urban wastewater sludge on the environment by removing heavy metals using humic substances. It is noted that the technogenic and ecological problem requires an urgent solution through the formation of new effective methods of treatment (neutralization and dehydration) and further disposal of urban wastewater sludge. Silt sites are a source of pollution of soil, groundwater and surface water object and air. A new method for removing heavy metals from municipal wastewater sludge using humic substances has been developed. It was found that humic substances have a sorption capacity in relation to heavy metals. As a reagent for removing heavy metals from urban wastewater sludge, it is proposed to use the product of processing lignite and peat with alkali using a carbon-alkali reagent, which makes it possible to reduce the concentration of heavy metals to such concentrations that the sludge can be used as fertilizer in agriculture.

MODEL OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF LAND RECULTIVATION OF PLACES OF AMMUNITION DISPOSAL AND DESTRUCTION

An analysis of the impact of explosion hazards on the level of environmental safety of disposal and destruction of ammunition. An analysis of existing technologies of land reclamation that can be used for places of disposal and destruction of ammunition, and identified opportunities and limitations of their use. For the first time, a simulation model of the safety management system for land reclamation and ammunition destruction was created. During the development of the model, it is proposed to consider the parameters of the site of disposal and destruction of ammunition, which determine the parameters of explosion risk, and environmental quality indicators, as responses to the influence of factors of operation of the site of disposal and destruction of ammunition. Safety criteria are determined using a regulatory approach in three areas: current factors, explosion risk parameters and environmental quality indicators. The integrated safety criterion is defined as the highest value of all individual safety criteria.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMBINED RESERVOIR OF MIXTURE OF TECHNICAL COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS AS COMPONENT OF ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY

In this study the development, analysis and description of the sche­me of environment protection technology for the oil storage were carried out. The proposed scheme is provided for the utilization of vapors of technical combustible liquids stored at the enterprise, namely diesel fuel, gasoline and motor oil, formed during the manifestation of the phenomena of small and large reservoir breathing in significant quantities. Set of initial data and the mass hour­ly emission of such vapors into the en­vironment were obtained according to an improved approach. Development of a high-pressure storage reser­voir for such vapors as the executive device of environmental protection technology for the oil storage according to an improved approach was carried out. Parameters of the reciprocating compressor, which distills the mixture of such vapors from the low-pressure storage reservoir to the high-pressure sto­rage reservoir, compressing them, was selected. Calculation of the reservoir wall thickness ba­sed on the theory of strength of closed solid shells was carried out taking into account the mechanical properties of the wall material, namely steel 60, and the value of the pressure of the gaseous fluid in it. Magnitudes of weight of the deve­loped reservoir and the cost of materials for its manufacture were determinated. Design of a combined reservoir for the ac­cu­mu­lation of a volley of a mixture of such vapors with a system of intermediate cooling of the mixture after its compression by a reciprocating compressor and the pos­sibility of heating the condensate in the reservoir was de­ve­loped.

MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF FINE SOLID POLLUTANTS ON HUMAN HEALTH

The article discusses the issues of studying the effect of fine dust on human health using mathematical and statistical modeling. The initial data were statistical data on the volume of emissions of suspended particulate matter into the atmosphere and registered cases of diseases of the circulatory system among the population of Ukraine in 2012–2019. To assess the relationship between several factor signs was used method of correlation-regression analysis. The high connection between the actual statistical data and the data of the model calculation indicates the presence a very strong dependence the incidence of the circulatory system of the population on the emissions of fine dust. The obtained results of the study testify to the confirmation of the risk to the health and life of the population. The coefficients of determination make it possible to assert that the emissions of fine dust are one of the main reasons for the development of diseases of the circulatory system in humans. Among the types of dust that enters the atmospheric air from anthropogenic sources of emissions, the most dangerous type of dust for humans is dust containing solid particles ranging in size from 2.5 to 10 microns.

MONITORING OF ECOLOGICAL SAFETY OF WATERCOURSES BY MEANS OF OXYGEN INDICATORS

All source information for the tasks of effective management of water resources is based on the results of observations and measurements, ie on the results of monitoring. Despite the apparent advantages of assessing surface water quality using comprehensive indicators, the creation of about 30 of the most well-known comprehensive indicators of water quality since the first attempts in this field of hydrochemistry and to date, the only comprehensive indicator that combines assessment of natural masses of different water bodies objects does not exist. It is proposed to monitor one or two indicators in certain sections of the river, which characterize the ecological state comprehensively, and in case of emergencies and non-stationary situations – to conduct a complete chemical analysis of water. For this purpose it is most expedient to use oxygen indicators - dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen consumption.

ACTIVITY TO PREVENT EMERGENCY SITUATIONS OF CASCADE TYPE OF SPREADING RELATED TO SOIL LANDSLIDE

Landfills for solid waste with liquidation energy-intensive technological equipment, due to emergencies of the cascade type of distribution associated with the landslide of landfills, pose a man-made environmental hazard. Experimental studies to determine the effect of humidity, density, temperature of landfill soils on the stability of slopes on landslides have shown that with increasing humidity and temperature, the resistance of the array to displacement decreases. The lower the density, the greater the ability to penetrate and saturate with moisture, which creates additional shear load. According to the results of experimental research, a method of prevention of cascade-type emergencies related to landfill landslides at the landfill with liquid energy-intensive technological equipment has been developed to prevent the consequences of danger from escalating from site to higher levels of distribution. The method consists of measures "before" and "after" the fact of moving the landslide.

ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSION IN KHARKIV REGION

The article covers an event that has been hidden for fifty years, namely the failure of a nuclear explosion at Kharkiv region. The possible ecological consequences of the mentioned event are analyzed. Data from different sources are compared for further planning of researches of an ecological condition of district. The basis for creating a system for studying the environmental consequences of a nuclear explosion at the time of its implementation and at present is provided. The basics of standard calculations of probable exposure of the population, which had to be carried out immediately after the explosion, are provided, and systemic recommendations for further environmental control in the designated area are offered.

THE EFFICIENCY OF THE WATER PURIFICATION PROCESS FROM BACTERIA DEPENDING ON THE GAS NATURE

A study of the influence of different gas nature on the efficiency of water purification from rod-shaped bacteria of the Bacillus cereus type is presented. The action of oxygen, carbon dioxide and inert argon and helium were used. The investigated water was model microbial water obtained on the basis of deaerated distilled water with the introduction of a pure culture of bacteria in the amount of 7 · 104 CFU/cm3. The total duration of the process was 2 hours at a reaction medium with temperature of 288 ± 1 K. The change in the number of microorganisms from the duration of gas bubbling is shown, depending on its nature. The degrees of destroyed microorganisms were calculated after each sampling of water (Dd), which was taken after each 30 min of the process. Studying the influence of different modes of water treatment, the largest number of destroyed bacterial cells was studied in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide (Dd = 91.0 %), and the smallest - in an atmosphere of oxygen (Dd = 34.73%). A two-stage process of number of microorganisms change was detected in the oxygen atmosphere: an increase in the first stage during 1800 s and a subsequent decrease in the second stage. After CO2 bubbling with a rate of 0.2 cm3/s through an aqueous medium with a volume of 75 cm3, the microbial count decreased by two orders of magnitude, which is apparently due to an increase in the acidity of the test medium. Having found a high efficiency of CO2 on the process of bacterial cells destruction, this gas should be used in water treatment processes, as well as in combination with other reagents or physical methods of water treatment to enhance the destructive effect on micro-objects.

DESTRUCTION OF DYES IN WASTES OF TEXTILE PRODUCTS

The results of wastewater treatment of textile enterprises in the electrolyzer with insoluble anodes and separation of electrode spaces with an inert membrane are presented. The influence of time, current density, concentration of sodium chloride, the initial concentration of dyes on the process of electrochemical destruction is determined. The developed technology makes it possible to ensure the effectiveness of the destruction of dyes and organic substances, which is necessary to obtain water quality that meets the standards for discharge into the municipal sewage system and reduce the cost of water treatment due to the lack of reagent facilities, septic tanks and dewatering equipment.