“THE OVERALL AIM OF THIS WORK IS ….” FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL SUBJECT IN RESEARCH ARTICLE INTRODUCTIONS ACROSS FOUR DISCIPLINES

This study investigates the types and discourse functions of grammatical subjects inresearch article introductions across four disciplines, namely: Applied Linguistics andPsychology, representing soft sciences, and Chemistry and Environmental Engineering,representing hard sciences. This study was carried out on a corpus of 40 research articleintroductions (10 from each discipline). The research article introductions were sourcedfrom twelve ISI journals published from 2008 to 2012. The corpus was analysed basedon the modified model in relation to grammatical subject types and discourse functionssuggested by Ebrahimi (2014). The results revealed that the grammatical subject typeselections were guided by the nature of the research article introduction. However, thefrequency of use of the grammatical subject types was constrained by the nature ofthe discipline. Discourse functions of grammatical subject types were predominantlydetermined by the divisions of the hard and soft sciences, and the specific disciplineswithin and the internal structure of the research article introductions. In addition, theresults of this study manifest a new framework for the analysis of discourse functions ofgrammatical subject types in research article introductions.

Separate the Anshan-Type Low-Grade Hematite Ore With Process of Low-High Intensity Magnetic Separation and Reverse Flotation Method

According to the nature ofthe ore which containing hematite and magnetite,under the conditions,forexample,ore grade is 24.07%,the fitst fineness of grinding -200 mesh is 50%，thesecond fineness of grinding -200 mesh ismore than 93%, it is concluded that concentrating circuit consisting of firstgrind-Feebleness magnetic separation -high intensity magnetic separation，secondgrind-second-high intensity magnetic separation- reverse flotation .Ultimately, A concentrate with aproductivity of 18.90%，a grade of 65.21% TFe and the recovery of 51.29% was yielded.

Functional constipation and posture in defecation

Background Functional constipation is often a consequence ofhabitual bowel elimination while sitting on common toilet seats.A considerable proportion of the population with n ormal bowelmovement frequency has difficulty emptying their bowels. Theprincipal cause of this problem may be the obstructive nature ofthe rectoanal angle and its relationship to the posture normallyused in defecation.Objective To assess the relationship between functional constipationwith the posture (sitting vs squatting) during defecationin children.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in November2010. Participants aged 12- 15 years were selected consecutivelyfrom a junior high school in Medan . Parents and children filledquestionnaires and were interviewed. Functional constipation wasassessed based on the Rome III criteria.Results Sixty-five students enrolled in the study. There was nostatistically significant diffe rences in subjects' characteristics.T here was a significant correlation between functional constipationwith posture during defecation in children (RR= 0.06, 95%CI0.02 to 0.25; P=0.0001). Functional constipation was more likelyoccured in children with sitting (12/20) th an squatting posture(4/45) during defecation.Conclusion We found th at posture in defecation is correlatedto functional con stipation in children.

A different approach to the management of greater trochanter pain syndrome

Greater trochanter pain syndrome (GTPS), also known astrochanteric bursitis, is a regional pain syndrome that is frequently treatedby physiotherapists in private practice or out-patient departments. It is classi -fied as an overuse injury that could become chronic in nature and frequentlyco-exists with other pathologies.This case study describes the treatment of a 61-year-old female with GTPS of her left hip. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of specificsoft tissue mobilisation (SSTM) and eccentric strengthening of the Gluteus Medius (GM) muscle in treating this condition. Particular emphasis was placed on rehabilitation of lumbar spine control in order to improve proximal stability. A nother aim was to return the patient faster to her functional activitiesthan had been reported in the literature. The patient could return to her normal daily activities after four treatment sessions and was completely pain free after 12 weeks. This case study presents a different approach to the treatment of GTPS and proposes that GTPS maypresent in a similar manner to GM tendinosis. This phenomenon could therefore possibly explain the chronic nature ofthe condition.

MICROORGANISMS IN CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION

A total of 100 patient with otitis media effusion obtained from patients suffering fromchronic otitis media with effusions was examined for bacterial smear and culture. Inmucoid effusion 82% showed positive bacterial smear, only 35% yielded positivebacterial culture. Bacterial cultures rate was higher in serous (50%) effusion. Theisolation of common pathogens accounted for the remaining 42%. The high incidenceof microorganisms in the middle ear effusions in the present study indicates bacterialcontribution in many cases of otitis media effusion. Concerning the sterile nature ofthe middle ear fluid some investigators suggested that the effusions are transudatesand are created by a negative pressure in the tympanum due to a malfunctioningEustachian tube.2It was suggested that failure to isolate organisms may be partly dueto the antimicrobial characteristics of effusions. The purpose of this study is to showpossible role of bacteria in Middle Ear Effusions.Key Words: Otitis Media, Effusion, Microorganisms.

Glaubensüberzeugungen und säkulare Gründe

John Rawls' conception of a reasonable pluralism proceeds on the epistemological assumption that it is not possible to set up one specific notion of justice attached to certain beliefs about the nature ofthe person, the purpose and the goal of human life. The liberal position insists on the principle of moral justification, according to which no norm is legitimate unless it can be accepted in principle by all affected persons. According to this view, it is recommended, in public debates where the legitimacy of laws and state actions is being disputed, citizens should confine themselves to the use of religious arguments for which independent, secular reasons can be given. This conception has elicited an array of critical responses from authors of a religious persuasion. Critics point above all to the unequal terms of entry to public debates. But it can be shown in termsofamodest foundationalist epistemology that the required translation of religious beliefs in secular reasons is not an unfair and unjustified charge. Personally justified basic beliefs can be tested in intersubjective and public procedures of reasoning without requiring believers to sacrifice their religious or confessional identity.

Radiation hormesis: its historical foundations as a biological hypothesis

This paper represents the first systematic effort to describe the historical foundations of radiation hormesis. Spanning the years from 1898 to the early 1940‘s the paper constructs and assesses the early history of such research and evaluates how advances in related scientific fields affected the course of hormetic related research. The present effort was designed to not only address this gap in current knowledge, but to offer a toxicological basis for how the concept of hormetic dose-response relationships may affect the nature ofthe bioassay and its role in the risk assessment process.

The Mistaken Identification of “The West” with “Modernity”

The relationships between Islam and the West are complex. Even theperceptions of those relations have an important impact on the nature ofthe interactions. If the basic images that are used in discussing “Islam andthe West” are themselves ill-defiied or viewed in inconsistent ways, therelationships themselves are affected in sometimes dangerous ways.Inconsistent and contradictory terms of analysis can lead to misunderstandingand conflict.One of the most frequent conceptual mistakes made in discussingIslam and the West in the modem era is the identification of “the West”with “modemity.” This mistake has a significant impact on the way peeple view the processes of modernization in the Islamic world as well as onthe way people interpret the relationships between Islam and the West inthe contemporary era.The basic generalizations resulting from the following analysis can bestated simply: 1) “modernity“ is not uniquely “western”; 2) “the West” isnot simply “modernity”; and 3) the identifixation of “the West” with“modemity” has important negative consequences for understanding therelationships between Islam and the West. Modernity and the West aretwo different concepts and historic entities. To use the terms interchangeablyis to invite unnecessary confusion and create possible conflict’andinconsistency. This article will address the problem of definition and theapplication of the defined terms to interpreting actual experiences andrelationships.Understanding the difficulties raised by the identification of theWest with modernity involves a broader analysis within the frameworkof world history and global historical perspectives. In such an analysis, ...

Islamic Resurgence and Western Reaction

Islam is an ideology and a world religion with more than onebillion adherents spread around the globe (Kettani 1986). I Muslimsare a majority in more than forty-five countries from Africa toSoutheast Asia. Their populations continue to grow, as do the Muslimpopulations in the former Soviet Union, China, India, Europe, andthe United States. Islam seeks the evolution of a social structure basedon the concept of the unity of mankind and comprised of individualswho are ·living moral and spiritual lives. It seeks to build a transnationalsociety in which such narrow loyalties as color, race, and soon are negated, in which complete submission to the will of Allah isdisplayed, and in which Muhammad is the model to follow in dailyaffairs and is recognized as the chief interpreter of revelation.Denny (1993, 345) introduces Islam as "a vigorous, complexamalgam of peoples, movements, and goals, and not the monolithic,centrally coordinated, hostile enterprise that outsiders sometimesassume it to be." Muslim society is further characterized as having thecapacity to resolve any changes, new situations or problems facingthe ummah through the application of ijtihad. In the ever-changingsociocultural and socioeconomic conditions, it is ijtihad that preventsfossilization and precludes the development of stereotypes withinIslam. With ijtihad, Islam has the inherent capacity to address andrespond to change while still following the teachings of the Qur'anand the Prophet. Thus the term "fundamentalism," with its nonMuslimorigin in early twentieth century Protestant Christianity, hasno place in, and is therefore irrelevant to, the Islamic schema. This isnot only because of the specifically Christian heritage and nature ofthe term, but also because of the derogatory and negative undertonesthat have been attached to it. The term "Islamic fundamentalism" is,in fact, an oxymoron, for one cannot be a Muslim if one does notadhere to the fundamentals of Islam. Denny (ibid., 345-46) writes: ...