Десять темных мест в поэзии О. Мандельштама: комментарии и расшифровка

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-147

Предложен ряд решений, проливающих свет на темные и спорные места в десяти стихотворных текстах выдающегося русского и советского поэта О. Э. Мандельштама, критически проанализи- рованы существующие в современной специальной литературе трактовки таких мест. Выявлены тактики, реализующие характерную для позднего Мандельштама «установку на загадку» (О. Ронен), определены базисные функции данной установки в его поэтике. Как показал анализ, основной из таких тактик является метафора, различными способами затемненная, а потому допускающая вари- ативность трактовок либо в той или иной степени герметичная, т. е. закрытая для исчерпывающего и однозначного истолкования. Такие «темные» метафоры, основной субъект которых не поддается уверенной экспликации, поэт именовал «гераклитовыми».В статье приведены доводы в пользу того факта, что внутренняя форма термина гераклитова метафора восходит к прозванию раннеантичного греческого философа Гераклита Эфесского – σκοτεινός ‘темный’. Среди применяемых О. Э. Мандельштамом способов затемнения семантических переносов наиболее востребованными, а значит, характерными для его авторского идиостиля ока- зались: 1) недостаточность контекста, в частности незамкнутый характер метафор указанного типа; тщательно «припрятанная», т. е., как правило, не более чем однословная, аллюзийная опора на прецедентный текст, зачастую малоизвестный, а значит, недоступный для широкой читательской аудитории; 3) «замаскированное» указание на отдельный элемент (или элементы) той актуальной для поэта бытовой либо исторической конситуации, с опорой на которую может быть достигнуто адекватное понимание текста.Это означает, что трактовка, более или менее отвечающая авторскому замыслу, облигаторно предполагает применение контекстуального, конситуативного либо интертекстуального анализа построенных поэтом семантических переносов, в частности «гераклитовых метафор», анализ же семантических переносов настоятельно требует применения трансформационного анализа; соот- ветственно, удаленность исследователя от указанных лингвистических методов, прежде всего от экспериментальных, т. е. дистрибутивного и трансформационного анализа, если не лишает ясной перспективы, то существенно затрудняет дальнейшее герменевтическое осмысление творческого наследия позднего Мандельштама, т. е. тех текстов, которые были написаны им после 1920 года.Исследование показало, что неясность целого ряда таких текстов, иногда вплотную приближаю- щаяся к сфере герметизма, имеет определенное функциональное обоснование. Установка на загадку, или, в античной терминологии, «темный намек» (κάλυμμα, συγκάλυμμα), в подавляющем большин- стве случаев используется в стихотворных текстах О. Э. Мандельштама не как привычный атрибут эзопова языка (мнение Н. Струве), а в эстетических целях, т. е. как прием, который придает тексту эмоционально минорный, стилистически приподнятый, нередко профетический оттенок, характер энигмы.A number of solutions are proposed that shed light on the dark and controversial passages in ten poetic texts of the outstanding Russian and Soviet poet O. Mandelstam. The existing interpretations of such passages in modern special literature are critically analyzed. The tactics that implement the characteristic for late Man- delstam “orientation to riddle” (O. Ronen) are identified, the basic functions of this orientation in his poetics are determined. As the analysis has shown, the main of these tactics is a metaphor that is in various ways darkened, and therefore allows for variability of interpretations, or is more or less hermetic, i.e. closed to an exhaustive and unambiguous interpretation. Such “dark” metaphors, the main subject of which does not lend itself to confident explication, the poet called “heraclitic”.The paper provides arguments in favour of the fact that the internal form of the term heraclitic metaphor goes back to the nickname of the early antique Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus – σκοτεινός ‘dark’. Among the applied by O. Mandelstam methods of darkening of semantic transfers were the most popular, and therefore characteristic for his author’s idiostyle: 1) the lack of context, in particular, the non-closed nature of metaphors of type mentioned above; 2) carefully “hidden”, i.e., as a rule, no more than a one-word, allusive reliance on a precedent text, often little-known, and therefore inaccessible to a wide readership; “disguised” indication of a separate element (or elements) of the actual for the poet everyday or historical consituation, based on which an adequate understanding of the text can be achieved.This means that the interpretation that more or less corresponds to the author’s intention obligatorily involves the use of contextual, consituative, or intertextual analysis of the semantic transfers constructed by the poet, in particular, “heraclitic metaphors”, while the analysis of semantic transfers obligatorily requires the use of transformational analysis. Accordingly, the researcher’s remoteness from the above-mentioned linguistic methods, primarily from experimental, i.e., distributive and transformational analysis, if not de- prives of a clear perspective, then significantly complicates further hermeneutical understanding of the cre- ative heritage of the late Mandelstam, i.e., those texts that were written by him after 1920.The study has shown that the darkness of a number of such texts which sometimes comes close to the sphere of hermeticism has a certain functional justification. “Orientation to riddle”, or, in ancient terminol- ogy, “dark hint” (κάλυμμα, συγκάλυμμα), in the vast majority of cases is used in the poetic texts of O. Man- delstam not as a familiar attribute of the Aesop language (opinion of N. Struve) but for aesthetic purposes, i.e. as a technique that gives the text an emotionally minor, stylistically elevated, often prophetic shade, the character of Enigma.

2022 ◽  
pp. 355-377
Author(s):  
Çiğdem Kurt-Cihangir ◽  
Burcu Zengin

Paradigm changes also change the sources of corporate finance. The goal of this chapter is to demonstrate how the sociological changes that will be created by technological developments transform the sources of finance within the framework of “sustainability” and “financial inclusion.” At this point, the basic elements of the financial system in the transition from traditional financing to alternative financing and to platform-based financing, albeit a new one, are examined. For this purpose, first of all, traditional financing sources and alternative financing sources are briefly mentioned, and then platform-ecosystem-based financing sources, which are the main subject of the study, are shed light on. The sources of financing provided through FinTechs are examined within the framework of digital finance-digital inclusion and online finance models (especially crowdfunding). The changes that the COVID-19 process may create in financial resources and the digital technologies it may bring are also assessed.


1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Parry

Gladstone has not been well served by the historiographical tradition dominant for much of this century. It has disseminated an image of him that emphasizes little more than an undefined ‘reformism’ and a moralizing populism; this is as unhelpful and distorted as is the interpretation, emanating from the same source, of much of the rest of nineteenth-century politics. It is no longer enough to judge public figures of this period by the degree of their commitment to nebulous platitudes like ‘social reform’ or ‘progress’: historians have recently exposed the flimsy foundations that sustain the reputations of even those most frequently celebrated in these spheres. It is misleading to concentrate attention on the development of institutional reform, centralized government, trade union legislation, or welfare statutes for the poor; franchise extension apart, advances here were often provoked solely by bureaucratic agency or by the concern of philanthropic backbenchers, and contributed only occasionally to the major disputes of Victorian political society. If we are to shed light on the domestic issues of vital importance to contemporary politicians, we need a far more coherent account than is now available of financial, taxation and land policy on the one hand, and, on the other, of the main subject of this article, the role of religion in politics.


2021 ◽  
pp. arabic cover-english cover
Author(s):  
فاطمة بنت مرهون بن سعيد العلوي ◽  
عبد القادر عبد الرحمن أسعد السعدي

يدخل هذا البحث ضمن مجال الدراسات اللغوية، وتحديدًا النحوية والدلالية. إذ اختص بدراسة الجملة الاسمية والفعلية ودلالتها في سورة (المؤمنون)، واستنباط دلالات هذه التراكيب، واعتمدت فيه منهج الاستقراء التحليلي: إذ يستقري الباحث تراكيب الجملة الاسمية والفعلية في سورة المؤمنون، ثم يعمد إلى تحليلها وبيان دلالتها المعنوية . يهدف هذا البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على القيم الدلالية الكامنة في الجملة الاسمية والفعلية في بناء التركيب النحوي، ومحاولة استجلاء المعاني الدلالية المختلفة في الجملة الاسمية والفعلية في حقل التطبيق من القرآن الكريم . إنّ دراسة التركيب النحوي واستقراء دلالته في القرآن الكريم أنجع وسيلة لفهم كلام الله – سبحانه وتعالى- أتمّ فهم، إذ تتكشف أمام الباحث لطائف لغوية ومعنوية عند الوقوف على كلّ تركيب . ودراسة تراكيب الجملة الاسمية والفعلية في سورة واحدة من سور القرآن تعمّق إدراك القارئ لبديع النظم القرآني، فيلاحظ اختلاف التراكيب ظاهرًا، واتّفاقها في الدلالة باطنًا، وذلك يعزّز المعنى المنشود من مجيء هذا النظم خاصة . الكلمات الدالة: التركيب النحوي، الجملة الاسمية والجملة الفعلية، دلالة الجملة الاسمية والفعلية. Abstract This is one of researches which comes within the field of linguistic studies, specifically grammatical and semantic. The research is specialized in the study of the semantic values inherent in the grammatical structure of some nominal and adverbial sentences, and devising the meanings of these semantic structures, I adopted the method of analytical induction. The researcher extrapolates the grammatical structures in some nominal and adverbial sentences in Surat Al-Muminun, and then proceed to analyze them، and statement its linguistic indication. The aim of this research is to shed light on the semantic values inherent in the grammatical structure of some nominal and adverbial sentences, and a trial to elucidate the different semantic meanings of different linguistic methods in the application field of the Holy Quran. The study of the grammatical structure and the extrapolation of its indication in the Holy Quran is the most effective method to understand the words of God – Glory be to him – the best understanding, As the researcher unfolds before the linguistic and moral groups when standing on each structure. The study of the grammatical structures in some nominal and adverbial sentences in one Surah of the Qur'an, deepening the reader's awareness of the Exquisite pronunciation of the Qur'anic composing, it is noted the different structures virtually and their agreed in indication inwardly. This reinforces the desired meaning from coming jurisdiction of these exquisite words without another. Kew words: grammatical structures, nominal and adverbial sentences, semantic values.


1983 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Doore

(1) In this paper I want to discuss a certain way of understanding the concept of religion which I think is more satisfactory than other ways that have often been proposed in the literature, arguing, in brief, that the way to an adequate understanding does not lie through an analysis of the concept of ‘worship’ or ‘the worshipful’ or any notions derivative from these, as some writers have maintained, but instead through a comparative analysis of the various concepts of a ‘highest good’, thought of as a final salvation or ‘liberation’ for its seekers, found in the major religions. I shall also discuss some of the advantages of this way of regarding religion, as well as what I take to be certain of its consequences for the philosophy of religion. The discussion will also lay the groundwork for a pragmatic justification of religious belief (where ‘religious belief’ is understood in the way to be suggested), and will, I hope, help to shed light on the question of what would constitute a religiously satisfactory notion of the highest good.


2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-366
Author(s):  
Misa Djurkovic

In this article the author examines the first domestic philosophical debate between the two authors who perform within liberal positions. It is a debate between Leon Kojen and Aleksandar Pavkovic, conducted during 1985 in the pages of several national magazines. The main subject of controversy is the question of establishment of liberalism. Kojen is committed to seeing that liberalism is based on the equal rights, equal rights to freedom. Pavkovic criticizes this view and suggests different approach which establishes liberalism starting from interests. The author is analyzing their articles and arguments, but also attempts to shed light on the overall political and intellectual context of the liberalization of society in which the debate takes place.


Terminology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-224
Author(s):  
Anne-Kathrin Schumann

The importance of semantic descriptions of concepts by means of defining statements is a commonplace tenet of scientific and practical approaches to terminology. While the current understanding of defining statements remains bound to classical concepts of defining, there is limited knowledge about the types of conceptual information that may ease the transfer of knowledge. Furthermore, there is little insight into how defining statements differ epistemologically from non-defining (generic) statements; on the linguistic side, the same can be said about linguistic differences between defining and generic statements. Last but not least, it remains unclear how practical terminology work can benefit from corpus-based research on the description of defining statements. This paper aims to shed light on some of these questions by describing a corpus-linguistic study of knowledge-rich contexts in German and Russian web corpora. Hypotheses about linguistic features of knowledge-rich contexts are derived in a theory-driven manner and researched by means of corpus-linguistic methods. Significant features are then investigated further for the German data, using a multivariate method.


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Venera R Amineva ◽  
Landysh N Yuzmukhametova

The works by Ravil Bukharayev (1951-2012) - who created his poetic texts in Russian, Tatar, English, and Hungarian and was involved in the Tatar literature and culture - possess a special art and esthetic nature, which demands evidence-based and adequate esthetic assessment. An attempt to reveal the functioning features of this genre and strophe form is made for the first timein the modern Russianspeaking poetry on the material of A Wreath of Wild - Growing Sonnets , a cycle of poems by R. Bukharayev. The methodical studying system of the works, which are created on a joint of cultures, thus embodying new forms of a “hybrid” identity, relies on the doctrine about the dialogical nature of art creativity and on the theory of a trans-level of culture developed in foreign and domestic literary criticism. The conclusion is drawn that the wreath of sonnets stops being a static form in R. Bukharayev’s lyrics, and its genre semantics is formed only by its composite structure. The art integrity of this genre and strophe system is created not only by a “chained” design of a wreath connecting the end and the beginning of all cyclic context in general, but also by a concentric principle of the main subject development. It is defined that the subjective architectonics of this sonnet cycle is formed by the relations of the lyrical hero and special-type supersubjects - personified images of foreign culture. The main ways of overcoming the border between “own” and “other” are described in the article as follows: to study Hungarian which performs a replaceable function and to study the works. They are allocated with mythological features and find one-to-one correspondences: nature and person, “own” and “other”, silence and a word, lines of a sonnet and flowers in a bouquet. The received results are significant for understanding the art and esthetic nature of the “boundary” phenomena in the modern literary process.


Literary Fact ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 109-151
Author(s):  
Svetlana V. Fedotova

The article, based on publication of S.M. Alyansky’s letters to L.D. Blok (1922, 1924), reconstructs the history of relations between the owner of “Alkonost” and the poet’s widow, who transferred the exclusive rights to all of Blok’s works to Alyansky. The article clarifies the details and circumstances of business negotiations between Alyansky and representatives of the “Slovo” publishing house in Berlin, which published Blok’s collected works (three volumes of poems and “The Theater”) in 1922, as well as the financial conditions for publishing a ten-volume collection of Blok’s works under the “Alkonost” brand in the publishing house “Epokha” (Berlin, 1923). The main subject of consideration is a fact unknown in Block studies — the fraud allegations made against Alyansky by L.D. Blok. The introduced archival materials do not only shed light on this incident, but also prove the unsoundness of the insinuations put forward against the owner of “Alkonost”, whose publishing and royalty policies were determined by professional enterprise and high — “knightly” — moral qualities.


1966 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 165-182
Keyword(s):  

In continuing the sessions of the symposium, the main subject this afternoon has to do with domes and their facilities. This, of course, is a very important subject for observatories, because the dome serves much more of a purpose than simply to protect the telescope from wind or rain.


2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1733-1747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Klausen ◽  
Fabian Kaiser ◽  
Birthe Stüven ◽  
Jan N. Hansen ◽  
Dagmar Wachten

The second messenger 3′,5′-cyclic nucleoside adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays a key role in signal transduction across prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Cyclic AMP signaling is compartmentalized into microdomains to fulfil specific functions. To define the function of cAMP within these microdomains, signaling needs to be analyzed with spatio-temporal precision. To this end, optogenetic approaches and genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are particularly well suited. Synthesis and hydrolysis of cAMP can be directly manipulated by photoactivated adenylyl cyclases (PACs) and light-regulated phosphodiesterases (PDEs), respectively. In addition, many biosensors have been designed to spatially and temporarily resolve cAMP dynamics in the cell. This review provides an overview about optogenetic tools and biosensors to shed light on the subcellular organization of cAMP signaling.


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