Combination of Moringa Leaf Meal and Probiotics in Feed for Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Seeds Survival and Immune System

Prevention of disease in tilapia seeds can be done by increasing non-specific defense systems by improving and supplementing the nutritional content of the feed. This study aims to determine the effect of adding Moringa leaf meal combined with probiotics to feed on the survival rate of tilapia seeds and the number of seed blood cells that have been infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. The method used was an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment A = addition of 4% moringa leaf meal + 6 ml / kg of probiotic feed + A. hydrophila injection; Treatment B = addition of 6% moringa leaf meal + 6 ml / kg of probiotic feed + A. hydrophila injection; Treatment C = addition of 8% moringa leaf meal + 6 ml / kg of probiotic feed + A. hydrophila injection; Treatment D = feed + probiotic 6 ml / kg of feed (positive control) + injection of A. hydrophila; Treatment E = feed + probiotic 6 ml / kg of feed (negative control) + injection of physiological solution. The results showed the addition of Moringa leaf meal combined with probiotics got the best results in treatment C with a survival value of 86.67%, hemoglobin levels of 2.3 g%, erythrocytes of 2.20 × 106 cells, leukocytes of 11.5 × 104 cells, and the total number of intestinal bacteria was 10.34 × 106 cfu / ml.

Modelling and Simulation Analysis of High-Pressure Common Rail and Electronic Controlled Injection System for Diesel Engine

The electronically controlled fuel injection system of the diesel engine has multi-disciplinary characteristics and strong coupling. The programming method based on a mathematical model cannot be applied to the fuel system with a diversified structure arrangement. With the rapid development of hydrodynamics, more and more simulation software is applied in the actual research. Hydsim simulation platform is one of the best software for the simulation of the electronic control injection system. In this paper, the Hydsim simulation platform is used to simulate the electronic control injection system, and a test-bed for verification is built. Based on the experimental results, the injection characteristics of high-pressure common rail are studied. The validity and accuracy of the simulation model are verified by comparing the simulation value with the test value and the standard value. Finally, the influence of the structural parameters such as the inlet and outlet orifices and control pistons of the injection system on the injection characteristics is analysed, and the selection principle of each parameter in the system design is proposed, which provides a reliable basis for the structural optimisation.

Effects of Standard and Sustained-release Buprenorphine on the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Isoflurane in C57BL/6 Mice

Both standard and sustained-release injectable formulations of buprenorphine (Bup and BupSR, respectively) are used as preemptive analgesics, potentially affecting gas anesthetic requirements. This study tested the effects of Bup and BupSR on isoflurane requirements and confirmed that buprenorphine could reduce isoflurane requirements during a laparotomy in mice. We hypothesized that both Bup and BupSR would significantly decrease the required minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane. C57BL/6 mice received either isotonic crystalloid fluid (control), Bup (0.1 mg/kg), or BupSR (1.2 mg/kg) subcutaneously 10 min prior to the induction of anesthesia. Each anesthetized mouse was tested at 2 isoflurane concentrations. A 300-g noxious stimulus was applied at each isoflurane concentration, alternating between hindfeet. In addition, a subset of mice underwent terminal laparotomy or 60 min of anesthesia after injection with Bup, BupSR, or saline to ensure an appropriate surgical plane of anesthesia. Mice were maintained at the lowest isoflurane concentration that resulted in 100% of mice at a surgical plane from the aforementioned MAC experiments (control, 2.0%; Bup and BupSR, 1.7%). Analysis showed that both Bup and BupSR significantly decreased isoflurane requirements by 25.5% and 14.4%, respectively. The isoflurane MAC for the control injection was 1.80% ± 0.09%; whereas Bup and BupSR decreased MAC to 1.34% ± 0.08% and 1.54% ± 0.09%, respectively. Sex was not a significantly different between the injection groups during MAC determination. All of the mice that underwent surgery achieved a surgical plane of anesthesia on the prescribed regimen and recovered normally after discontinuation of isoflurane. Lastly, heart and respiratory rates did not differ between mice that underwent surgery and those that were anesthetized only. Bup and BupSR are MAC-sparing in male and female C57BL/6 mice and can be used for effective multimodal anesthesia.

Monocytes Undergo Functional Reprogramming to Generate Immunosuppression through HIF-1α Signaling Pathway in the Late Phase of Sepsis

Severe pneumonia with sepsis is characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory response of endotoxin. In our study, we attempted to investigate the roles of the immune guardian cells (monocytes) in the immune-inflammatory response of severe pneumonia-induced sepsis. We performed analysis in the blood samples of human and animals with ELISA, western blot, flow cytometry (FCM) methods, etc. Results showed that the proinflammatory status shifted to hypoinflammatory phases during the sepsis process. In a clinical study, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, etc., except for IL-10, were inhibited in the late phase of sepsis, while, in an animal study, the immune suppression status was attenuated with administration of the adenovirus Ade-HIF-1α. Conversely, the amount of IL-10 was lower in the adenovirus Ade-HIF-1α group compared with the sepsis model group and the Ade-control group. Moreover, in the clinical study, the programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was overexpressed in monocytes in the late phase of sepsis, while the expression of proteins HIF-1α and STAT3 was decreased in the late phase of sepsis. However, in the animal study, we found that the HIF-1α factor facilitated the inflammatory response. The expression of the proteins HIF-1α and STAT3 was increased, and the PD-L1 protein was decreased with the adenovirus Ade-HIF-1α administration compared with the rats without Ade-HIF-1α injection and with the Ade-control injection. Additionally, the proteins HIF-1α and STAT3 were coregulated at transcriptional levels during the inflammatory responses of sepsis. Taken together, monocytes undergo reprogramming to generate immunosuppression through the HIF-1α signaling pathway in the late phase of sepsis.

Immunoregulatory effect of mouse fetal neural cells on the graft-versus-host disease

The problem of the treatment of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), when histoincompatible bone marrow (BM) is used, remains unsolved. An important role in controlling the development of GVHD is played by Treg immunity.The purpose of the study is to evaluate the immunoregulatory effect of native and cryopreserved murine fetal neural cells (FNCs) relative to Treg immunity of mice with GVHD.Materials and methods. Acute GVHD was induced by the injection of histoincompatible BM to lethally irradiated mice. On the 14th day after GVHD induction and transplantation of native or cryopreserved FNCs in animals of all experimental groups, the spleen index, the content of T-regulatory (FOXP3+) cells and the number of foxp3 gene transcripts in the СD4+splenocytes were determined.Results. The recipients of the histoincompatible BM had a decrease in the content of T-reg cells and the level of foxp3 gene expression in the splenocyte population relative to the syngeneic control. Injection of native or cryopreserved FNCs to animals with GVHD caused an increase in the number of T-reg cells. Cryopreserved FNCs are more than native ones enhancing both the relative number of T-reg cells and the level of foxp3 gene expression in the splenocytes, which was characterized by a higher recipients’ survival up to the 16th day of observation.Conclusion. The transplantation of fetal neural cells to recipients with GVHD stimulates the Treg immunity, which is a key to the development of immune conflict. This confirms the possibility of using fetal neural cells as a therapeutic immuno-regulatory agent.

Combustion Variability Model for Control of Injection Timing for Diesel Exhaust Heating

Diesel engine emission cycle data shows that major portions of cycle emissions are produced at the beginning of the test, when the aftertreatment is not at operational temperature (prior to “light-off”) [1]. To reduce diesel emissions, aggressive combustion phasing retard via injection timing can be used to achieve faster aftertreatment light-off, but this method is limited because of vibration and harshness concerns associated with the combustion variability induced by the late combustion phasing. In order to achieve aggressive exhaust heating while mitigating combustion variability concerns, the premise of controlling combustion variability is explored. In particular, a controller will use real-time measurements of combustion features and control injection timing to maintain an acceptable level of combustion variability. The closed loop controller tuning requires an understanding of combustion variability behavior as a function of combustion phasing retard. The characterization of combustion variability using engine experiments is presented, and the findings are used to develop a control-oriented combustion variability model consisting of regressions of the statistics of IMEP as a function of fuel and timing offsets.