To the History of the Formation of the Indian Parliamentary Committee in the British House of Commons

The aim of this article is to study the history of the formation of the Indian Parliamentary Committee (IPC) in the British House of Commons in 1893. To achieve this aim, the following objectives are envisaged: determination of reasons for establishing the IPC; analysis of the activities of the Indian National Congress and British liberals; analysis of the election campaign of Dadabhai Naoroji, which enabled him to get a seat in the House of Commons in 1892. The sources of the study are the pamphlets of the Indian National Congress members, which explain the need for Indian representatives to participate in the British Parliament; records of parliamentary hearings on the Indian issue; materials of the press describing the course of the election campaign of 1892 and the tasks of the Indian Committee in Parliament. In the course of the study, the author came to the following conclusions. The moderate branch in the Indian liberation movement considered the British Rule in India to be a progressive phenomenon in the Indian life. The defects of the British administration were due to the fact that the English people and Parliament did not understand the problems that the Indian population faced under the British Rule. The Parliamentary Committee dealing exclusively with the Indian issue could contribute to solving this problem. The main conductor of this idea in India was the National Congress, which, since its inception, began work on the formation of the IPC. In the late 1880s, an Indian political agency, which intensified attempts to organize an Indian committee in Parliament, was established in London. The interests of the Indians in the House of Commons at that time were defended by the Liberal MP Charles Bradlaugh. On the basis of the proposals of the National Congress, he prepared a bill on Indian councils, which came into force in 1892. Nevertheless, the creation of the Indian Parliamentary Committee became possible only in 1893, when Dadabhai Naoroji and William Wadderburn (founders of the British Committee of the Indian National Congress) were elected to the House of Commons as Liberal MPs. In general, the creation of the IPC was a progressive step in the development of the Indian liberation movement because the IPC gave the moderate nationalists and their British liberal supporters new tools of fighting for the rights of Indian subjects of the British Empire. The appearance of supporters of Indian reforms in Parliament was the evidence of the success of the IPC’s course of expanding political agitation in England, although it did not guarantee significant achievements in solving of the Indian question.

An audit on usage of fresh frozen plasma in a tertiary care hospital in north western part of India

Background: Every blood Component carries inherent risk of adverse transfusion reactions and transmission of transfusion transmitted disease (TTD). The adverse transfusion reactions are unpredictable and makes transfusion services puzzled, FFP being the most common one, it is therefore necessary that appropriate and rational use of FFP is done to make transfusion safer in terms of patient safety. The objective of the study was to assess the utilisation of FFP in a tertiary care Hospital.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on 256 patient who received FFP transfusion at our tertiary care hospital over a period of 6 months .The usage was classified as appropriate or inappropriate based on the guidelines for FFP usage by British committee for standards in haematology, 2004 and college of American pathologist, 1994.Results: There were 256 patients in the study period who received 1370 units of FFP transfusions. The male: Female ratio was 162 M & 94 F. Most of the patients belonged to Gastroenterology Department (41.75%) followed by CTVS (15.32%). 29.48% of FFP transfusions were reclassified as inappropriate either due to Lack of indication or inappropriate doses.Conclusions: The study emphasize on the need to incurate rational use of blood components which is FFP in present case for evolving safe transfusion practices in the country. This study highlights no adherence to guidelines among clinicians which is mainly due to lack of knowledge of appropriate usage.

Erythrocytosis in the general population: clinical characteristics and association with clonal hematopoiesis

Erythrocytosis is a common reason for referral to hematology services and is usually secondary in origin. The aim of this study was to assess clinical characteristics and clonal hematopoiesis (CH) in individuals with erythrocytosis in the population-based Lifelines cohort (n = 147 167). Erythrocytosis was defined using strict (World Health Organization [WHO] 2008/British Committee for Standards in Hematology) and wide (WHO 2016) criteria. Individuals with erythrocytosis (strict criteria) and concurrent leukocytosis and/or thrombocytosis were 1:2 matched with individuals with isolated erythrocytosis and analyzed for somatic mutations indicative of CH (≥5% variant allele frequency). One hundred eighty five males (0.3%) and 223 females (0.3%) met the strict criteria, whereas 4868 males (7.6%) and 309 females (0.4%) met the wide criteria. Erythrocytosis, only when defined using strict criteria, was associated with cardiovascular morbidity (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.6), cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-4.6), and all-cause mortality (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.6), independent of conventional risk factors. Mutations were detected in 51 of 133 (38%) evaluable individuals, with comparable frequencies between individuals with and without concurrent cytosis. The JAK2 V617F mutation was observed in 7 of 133 (5.3%) individuals, all having concurrent cytosis. The prevalence of mutations in BCOR/BCORL1 (16%) was high, suggesting aberrant epigenetic regulation. Erythrocytosis with CH was associated with cardiovascular morbidity (OR, 9.1; 95% CI, 1.2-68.4) in a multivariable model. Our data indicate that only when defined using strict criteria erythrocytosis is associated with cardiovascular morbidity (especially in the presence of CH), cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality.

Massive blood loss protocol ‘Code Red’ at Papworth Hospital: A closed loop audit

Aim To investigate if the massive blood loss protocol ‘Code Red’ at a specialist cardiothoracic hospital was activated according to local and national guidelines by a closed loop audit. Methods Electronic and paper patient care systems were searched in 2015 and 2018 to access records for the ‘Code Red’ activations. Activation of the massive blood loss protocol was compared against the national standards set by The British Committee for Standards in Haematology. The percentage of cases meeting each of the ten standards in the specialist cardiac unit’s Protocol for the Management of Massive Blood Loss in Adults (adapted from the national standards) were evaluated. Results ‘Code Red’ protocol was activated on 18 occasions in 2015 and nine occasions in 2018, representing just 0.83 and 0.26% of emergency surgeries, respectively. Between 2015 and 2018, there was a 6% increase of ‘Code Red’ cases being appropriately activated, a 26% increase in the prompt notification of the haematology department upon activation, alongside a 30% increase in the timely delivery of blood products, and a 25% decrease in the average amount of blood transferred prior to ‘Code Red’ activation. Conclusion There has been an improvement in the standards of care and management of massive blood loss this specialist cardiac centre despite the target timeframe being reduced from 30 to 15min between 2015 and 2018. Preparation for and anticipation of massive blood loss has likely decreased the number of incidences requiring ‘Code Red’ activation, permitting delivery of safe patient care.

Audit of transfusion practices in pediatrics in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Audit of transfusion practices in pediatric patients was performed to study indications, clinical profile and whether transfusions were in accordance to guidelines.Methods: Retrospective analysis of all episodes of transfusions from a tertiary care centre was done. The study period was from January 2018 to December 2018.Patients in the age group of 4 months to 12 years were enrolled in the study. The data was reviewed according to the British Committee for Standards in Haematology guidelines for transfusion.Results: During the study period of 12 months,168 units of hemocomponents were transfused to children, 66.07% (111/168) of the total products transfused were packed red cell units, followed by 36 units (21.42%) of fresh frozen plasma and 21 units (12.5%) platelets. Overall usage of blood components was found to be appropriate in 58.33% (98/111). Red blood cells were the most appropriately transfused (64.86 %) (72 units out of 111) blood product as compared to 42.85% of platelets (9/21) and 47.22% of FFP (17/36).Conclusions: Most frequently transfused blood components are red blood cells in pediatrics. Inappropriate transfusion of blood components is hinders the utility of this valuable resource, Thus it becomes necessary to conduct regular audit of blood component transfusion for optimum utilization.

DIPLOMACY AS AN INSTITUTION OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY IN ENGLISH SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

This article is devote to the analysis of one from the key institutions in the conception of international society. The aim of the article is identify historiographical aspects for the analysis diplomacy in the context of the English school’s approach to the study of international institutions. English school of International relations formed in the end 1950-1970. Some famous scientists (H. Butterfield, M. Wight, and H. Bull) took an active part in the creation of this scientific society. British Committee for the study of international politics was a main intellectual structure in the genesis of the school. Committee had worked during 25 years (1959-1985) and become a base for the development two first generations of English school of international relations. Herbert Butterfield was very famous English historian and first chief of British Committee during 1959-1967. He had conservative credo. He shared the idea of the decline of diplomacy and divided it into new and historical. During some time, his views on diplomacy in modern history came into conflict with wide interpretation international society - central concept of the school. Martin Wight saw in diplomacy as a minimal indicator of the social character of international system in any time, but he also inclined that diplomacy will not be play very much role in the future. At the same time, he did not accept the concept “international society” and preferred the idea of “system of state”. Concept “international society” become a symbol and different mark this scientific community thanks to the books by H. Bull in 1960-1970. Hedley Bull included diplomacy in his list main international institutes, but central place among them in his views played balance of power and international law. Modern adepts of the conception of international Society continue diplomatic research. The works of modern representatives of the English School are studies in the article. Main conclusion of this part of the article consist of that the functional analysis of the diplomacy become a base for the following development of British intuitionalism and an important part of the conception of international society today. The British institutionalism are highlighted general trends of the following development English school of international relations and some problems for the dialogue with American theory of International relations.

The English school and the classical approach: Between modernism and interpretivism

This article analyses the evolution of the English school’s approach to international relations from the work of the early British Committee in the late 1950s and early 1960s to its revival in the 1990s and afterwards. It argues that the school’s so-called ‘classical approach’ was shaped by the crisis of developmental historicism brought on by the First World War and by the reactions of historians like Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight to the rise of modernist social science in the twentieth century. It characterises the classical approach, as advanced by Hedley Bull, as a form of ‘reluctant modernism’ with underlying interpretivist commitments and unresolved tensions with modernist approaches. It argues that to resolve some of the confusion concerning its preferred approach to the study of international relations, the English school should return to the interpretivist commitments of its early thinkers.

The Abolitionist Cause in Britain and in France (1787-1790): A Case of Counter-Productive Transposition ?

This article observes how the British Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded in 1787 in London tried to influence the activities of its French counterpart, La Société des Amis des Noirs, in the years 1787 to 1790. This transfer of ideas from Britain to France, through the actions of Brissot and Clarkson mainly, did not, as we shall see, really prove fruitful.

History, Agency and Eurocentrism in the English School

The recent English School literature within the discipline of International Relations has been successful in renewing that tradition’s popularity, along with revising some of its core elements. This work have generated innovations in its theoretical framework, resulting in important differences in relation to the classic works of the British Committee. Despite such innovations, some of its limits remain in place, as it is still centred on an Eurocentric historical perspective. In this paper, I address two recent contributions to the body of English School literature: the new narrative of globalisation of the international society, and the turn to process sociology. By analysing these contributions, I argue that by not presenting a systematic conception of agency and historical change, history becomes relegated to a secondary role in their explanatory process: it is mobilised as a set of examples that either confirms or expands the theoretical conception of the international society or its expansion. This secondary role of history provides shelter for Eurocentrism in IR theory, since it allows for the incorporation of extra-European agencies and processes without challenging the theory that was produced in their absence. In return, I argue for a radically historicist conception of theory, drawing from a particular push for historicism in the tradition of Political Marxism. This radical historicism shifts the focus from overarching processes and their outcomes towards the many conflicting agencies who played a role in the transformations of international politics.