The Multifaceted Role of Natural Agents in Colitis-Associated Cancer Prevention and Therapy

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is comprised of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) that was recognized by the inflammation in the colon. There are no proper medications are available to control the IBD in patients. NASIDs such as Aspirin, diclofenac, and ibuprofen are widely used to control the inflammation. On the other hand, the untreated prolonged inflammation leads to the development of cancer in the colon termed as colitis-associated cancer or inflammation-driven colon cancer. Oxidative stress and inflammation play key roles in the pathogenesis of colitis-associated cancer. Single dose of azozymethane (AOM) and three cycles of 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induces colitis-associated cancer (CAC) in mouse. Hence, many natural products were tested in the preclinical model of colitis-associated cancer. Each of these natural agents modulate important signaling pathway to control the colitis-associated cancer (CAC). In this review, the authors tabulated all the natural agents that culminate the colitis-associated cancer in the preclinical models.

Nanoparticle-Mediated Therapeutic Approach for Ulcerative Colitis Treatment

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammation of the inner part of the colonic mucosa. It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease which is idiopathic in nature. It is multifactorial, debilitating disorder which may cause life threatening complications. Given to the architecture of colon, conventional medicines have limitation in treating the disease. Thus, the need for alternative methods of drug delivery is important. Nanoparticle is one of the preferred drug delivery system owing to its unique properties. Nanoparticles resist undesired and premature degradation of the drugs, increases bioavailability, and target specificity. Different nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems like metallic, liposome, silica, or polymeric nanoparticles have been designed to administer therapeutic agents through oral route to treat ulcerative colitis. Natural compounds and active components isolated from the plant extracts and other bioactive agents are also delivered by nanoparticle. In the current chapter, nanoparticle-mediated drug and phytochemicals delivery to treat ulcerative colitis are discussed.

Protagonist of Immuno-Profiling, Immuno-Scoring, and Immunotherapy Towards Colitis-Associated Cancer

Chronic inflammation in the large intestinal epithelial to rectum is a major risk for malignancies. The pathogenesis of colitis associated cancer is distinct with perilous molecular mechanism. The inflammation leads to damage of cells resulting in symptomatic conditions including cancer. This suggest the relationship between certain cancer due to its associated factors such as environment, genetics, and chronic inflammation leading to cancer. Colorectal cancer (CRC) has also been acknowledged as bowel, rectal, or colon cancer. The most common types of adenocarcinomas are associated with colorectal cancer. The lymphomas, carcinoids, sarcoma, and gastrointestinal tumors are also associated with CRC. Most disorders with chronic inflammation and exposure of immunosuppressant have an increased risk with the development of cancer leading towards the treatment of cancer by various therapies like radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, further into immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. The prognosis of CRC has always been controversial.

Mathematical Approach in Colitis-Related Colon Cancer Genomics

Ulcerative colitis or Crohn's illness patients are in danger of colon cancer due to chronic inflammation, resulting from the reaction of the immune system to bacterial disease caused by genetic alterations in the colonic mucosa. Somatic cells gain genomic changes, such as TP53 that regulates MUC2 production and APC alterations linked with 𝛽-catenin and MUC1 contribution in the slight proliferation of cells. Mathematical modeling describes developmental modifications and uses the phrases to link parameter to curves of age-dependent incidence of epidemiological cancer. By using the long-lasting investigation of IBD patients to gather the genomic estimations for increasingly exact computations of IBD-explicit developmental parameters as initiation, birth, and death. Colon cancer genetic trajectory follows the structure of the composition of functions that leads to malignancies. Models of population level can be utilized to consolidate epidemiological information and in this manner describe malignant growth advancement in a population with IBD.

Dysbiosis in Microbiome Leading to Colitis-Associated Cancer

Colitis-associated cancers are a metastatic form of inflammatory bowel disease considered a vital health associated risk factor causing the death of approximately five lacs people every year throughout the world. There are trillions of bacteria that are associated with our gut as a part of our healthy microbiome. The microbiota plays a plethora of important role in determining the normal physiological processes of the cells and, subsequently, the body. The imbalance in microbiome diversity (dysbiosis) due to abnormal dietary habitats, hectic lifestyle, and other factors thus alters the normal physiological processes of the body, thereby causing several chronic diseases. Therefore, it is essential to maintain the homeostasis between the host and their gut microbiome. So, based on the facts mentioned above, this chapter is entirely devoted to providing an overview of colitis-associated cancer and their relation with the dysbiosis of a healthy microbiome. Moreover, the mechanism involved in the development of colorectal cancer and its preventive insights has also been addressed.

Diagnostic and Treatment Methods for Ulcerative Colitis and Colitis-Associated Cancer

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a serious health problem around the world. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is comprised of both Crohn's disease (CD) and UC. IBD is a clinical condition referred as inflammation in the colon. So far there is no proper medication available to treat IBD. On the other hand, untreated UC can be developed as colitis associated cancer. Natural agents are diverse molecules possess many beneficial effects. Many researchers have proven that natural agents can be better option to treat UC. Natural agents such as chrysin, chelidonic acid, euphol, fish oil, diallyl trisulfide, embelin, isatin, and rutin were already reported to have anti-colitic activity. In this chapter, the authors documented the natural agents that were used as treatment for UC.

Insights on the Potential Preventive and Healing Effects of Flavonoids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by sustained inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract. One of the most threatening risks for IBD patients is the development of colorectal cancer, resulting from the chronic inflammatory state. Current IBD treatment presents limitations in safety and efficacy. As such, it is of paramount importance to find novel therapeutic strategies. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids are widely recognized. Flavonoids currently found in our daily diet are likely to yield biological actions at the gastrointestinal level, suggesting a potential protective effect in IBD. However, the number of studies concerning the effects of flavonoids on intestinal inflammation is limited. This chapter intends to summarize the known effects of flavonoids in the different phases of IBD inflammatory pathways, covering all the concerning available in vivo studies.

Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer the third-leading cause of cancer mortality Worldwide; it's a well characterised model at molecular level among various cancera. Chronic ulcerative colitis is one of the causes of colorectal cancer. Recent cancer research focuses on tumor-initiating cells which are the cause of tumor initiation, invasions, drug-resistant, recurrence, and metastasis. Emerging research findings support the presence of colon cancer stem cells in sporadic colorectal cancer and in colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Colitis-associated cancer cells exhibit increased colon cancer stem cell marker expression along with activated developmental signaling pathways. Also, emerging reports exhibit that inhibition stem cell markers in chronic ulcerative colitis cells impedes progression of cancer in genetically engineered animal models and primary samples. This chapter deals of colitis-cancer transition, microenvironment of colitis-associated colorectal cancer, and articulates that cancer stem cells are ideal targets for colorectal cancer.

Yoga Therapy on Digestive Function in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a psychosomatic disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Metabolism of an individual affected with IBD is equated to imbalance of jatharagni (digestive fire) which results in atijeernam (hyper digestive disorder), ajeernam (hypo digestive disorder), or kutajeernam (erroneous digestive disorder). Yoga stabilizes jatharagni that helps energy transformation of 1) food substances into nutritious substance, 2) nutritious substance into tissues. It improves anabolic and catabolic processes which help absorption of energy. Yogic cleansing techniques promote elimination of ama (toxic products) and kleda (waste products). Yoga therapy along with herbal medicine and lifestyle modification helps develop balanced state of doshas in individuals with IBD. Yoga practice has a healing effect on mind and body, reduces stress, increases emotional and physical self-awareness, and improves the ability to manage physical symptoms.

Inflammatory Pathways and In Vivo Studies of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a physically incapacitating disorder that significantly disturbs patients' quality of life. IBD is classified into two main pathophysiological forms, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Literature studies indicate that chronic colitis may contribute to the development of up to 25% of all diagnosed colorectal tumors. The complexity and development of IBD onset is intermediated by a variety of inflammatory mediators and pathways that are intrinsically linked and are summarized in this chapter. This complexity resulted in the development of various in vivo models to surpass the enormous challenges in the finding of new drugs for IBD treatment. These models are mostly based on rodents and on three types of inflammatory activation: chemical induction, transfer of naïve CD4+ T cells, and generation of engineered mouse strains, with specific target gene manipulations. The most broadly described models in literature are here presented and discussed.