The Securitization Theory and Migration

This chapter aims to provide a theoretical juxtaposition of the case of Russian military involvement in Syrian civil war and its connections with Europe's recent migration crisis. Securitization theories of Copenhagen and Paris schools provide useful tools for contextualizing Russia's efforts to justify its military involvement in the Syrian conflict. This chapter also purports to answer the question of how did Russia manage to facilitate its military involvement through securitization and speech acts despite its diminished international reputation due to the Ukrainian crisis.

Dispersion, Diaspora Identity and Belonging

Turks are one of those migrants living in Europe with constituting majority of the migrants in the country of residence and Denmark is among those countries that opened its doors to Turks since 1960's. In this research, I specifically focus on the diaspora consciousness, relations and belonging of the Turkish migrants in Denmark. In doing that, Copenhagen is chosen as the city for the case study. Focusing on the Turkish diaspora and reflection of the sociological realities in the issue of integration to Denmark is the basis of this research. I use qualitative research method and interviewed with 7 migrants from Turkey in living in Copenhagen while conducting my research applying structured interview method. In this study, I have found out that diaspora identity has a significant role in getting integrated to Denmark. As a result of these, migrant Turkish identity becomes bolder which has a direct affect in the level of integration to Denmark.

Through the Syrians Refuge in Turkey Towards the Creation of the War Migration Theory

Due to the fear created by the war and the problems that war has caused, most of the Syrian citizens have been displaced and started to migrate many countries of the world. Countries like Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan, which are the closest neighbors, feel the intensity of this migration, but the problem has also spread to Europe. Although the number of Syrian refugees has not known clearly, more than 3.5 million people are located in Turkey and Lebanon. In this study, it is aimed to develop an analysis through “war migration”, by focusing on the international links of migration. In this context, a theoretical experiment has been carried out that takes macro, meso and micro elements of immigration into consideration through the theory of migration systems and theory of relationship networks, therefore, a theoretical experiment has been made which reveals the links of war migration.

Social Capital and Immigrants

The world is facing an uncontrollable wave of immigration at an increasingly rapid pace. So much so that even the countries where a large majority of population is immigrant have begun to deport newly arrived immigrants. Some European countries also have been building huge walls or fencing barbed wires in their borders to keep out illegal immigrants. Some European states are also considering stopping the Schengen visa application which has been in practice for a long time. But, the social capital that the OECD defines as the glue may be one of the solutions we seek. In this study, both the possible individual and social benefits of the social capital of refugees forced to leave their countries and of the immigrants with temporary protected status will be assessed.

An Insight into Global Perspectives on Human Resources Management Practices for Immigrants and Refugees

According to new data obtained from the United Nations, the number of international immigrants have reached to the number of 244 million in 2015. Nearly 4 out of 100 people in the world live in foreign countries instead of living in countries where they were born. Among these people, 10 per cent are refugees. These 20 million people have been forced to live abroad depending on political and other reasons. All these people try to have a life standard worthy of human dignity. At this point, human resources management practices of host countries should provide “decent work” which is firstly introduced by International Labour Organization as a concept. In this chapter, while adapting immigrants and refugees to the business life of host countries, it has been searched which human resources management practices are used by companies and how. Among these practices it has been remarked that, practices like human resources planning, personnel recruitment and selection, training and development of employees, career management and planning, performance appraisal, compensation, job security and worker safety issues gain importance.

I Am Safe While Playing; I Know You Feel the Same Emotions

In this study, games were prepared in order to reduce the traumas that immigrant children experienced during migration or where they migrated, socialization, development of empathic skills, and adaptation to the new surroundings. It is thought that prepared games will provide positive contributions to the physical and mental health of children.

The Politics of Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Policies for Refugees in the Erzurum City of Turkey

The City of Erzurum has a long history as a refugee city. It is a transition and destination city because of both geographical, and political, economic and cultural characteristics. However, it is obvious that the continuous increase in the number of refugees recently poses serious challenges to both citizens and urban administrators with the arrival of Syrians, as well as Afghans and Iranians. Also, the fact of the matter is that, it is getting more impossible for refugees to return to their homes in the near future. This is largely becoming evident. Under these circumstances urban administrators and stakeholders take urgent measures to have refugees stay in the city as well as their adaptation to the society within their resources. This study aims to analyze both their current situation, and to take measures addressing the problems caused by refugees in the city from the perspective of public administration.

Peace Building Lessons from the Civilian Survival Strategy of Flight in Syria, 2011-2016

Syria is in a devastating war brought by the Arab Spring. The country witnessed perhaps the bulk of the brutalities of the Arab Spring evidenced by the massacre of civilians and obliteration of historical and valuable property. In view of the brutal and global nature of the Syrian conflict, this chapter examines the significance of flight as a survival strategy developed by the Syrians in the wake of the Syrian conflict which began in 2011. This approach is not only significant in appreciating the fact that civilians are not necessarily passive recipients of violence but also gives us an opportunity to reflect on how superpower involvement deprived Syrians of the chance to come up with home-grown solutions before the conflict degenerated into an all-out war. The civilian strategy of flight thus shows the vulnerability of civilians in conflict and the significance of local solutions and ownership of peacebuilding programmes.

PKK-Related Asylum Applications from Turkey

More than forty thousand people in Turkey lost their lives because of PKK terrorist organization. While fighting against PKK since 1984, it is necessary for Turkey to limit some rights of PKK-related people through arrest, detention and interrogation for the pressing objectives of national security, territorial integrity and public order. Based on such limitations, there are PKK-related asylum applications from Turkey. However, these asylum applicants are quite restrictively excluded from refugee status and are commonly found as credible witnesses for their well-founded fear of persecution mainly for reason of political opinion. This paper questions the reasons that make such applicants granted refugee status by examining six case laws with positive decisions. It identifies two reasons, first, restrictive application of exclusion clauses and second, the subjectivity in the understanding of ‘necessary', which is one of the required conditions to limit human rights. Then, it provides three tentative suggestions for Turkey to enable applicants aiding and/or funding PKK to be excluded from refugee status and to prevent its counter-terrorism measures to be perceived as persecution by countries of asylum: a universally accepted definition of what constitutes terrorist offences, a stronger international presentation of counter-terrorism measures as necessary in a democratic society and a strict adherence to zero tolerance policy on torture.

Municipalities and Refugee Crisis

Truly, while some countries are still grappling with policy issues to do with acceptance of the refugees in their respective countries, Turkey has become a safe haven to many, a refugee. This has not only featured the ordinary aspects of food, shelter, drinking water, clothing but also services like education, health, social services and transport assistance. Even more crucially, Turkey has offered other aspects bordering on integration, rights and freedoms, representation, mainstreaming and identity which are critical to the asylum seekers. This makes them feel at home especially given that they may end up staying for a long time or even never return to their homes. Such a process requires multi-dimensional legal and administrative regulation but Turkey has always come up with its own localized version of legal settings to accommodate spontaneous issues. This is what has distinguished Turkey from all other countries in the world given its immeasurable, priceless and invaluable handling of asylum seekers.