OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING THE EXPORT OF LATVIA TO UE COUNTRIES

The relevance of this study is tied to the fact, that more effective application of export potential represents a major step towards the integration of Latvia’s economy into a unified economic framework with other European Union countries. In addition, the lack of a generally accepted methodology for assessing export potential increases the significance of these studies from a methodological point of view. The purpose of this study is to analyse the trends in Latvian exports and assess the possibilities of increasing the volume of exports of goods to the EU countries. This study applied quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis, analysis of statistical data, methods for assessing the intensity, complementarity of trade between two countries and the potential for exporting Latvian goods to EU countries. The study identifies the countries and categories of goods where Latvian trade potentialto EU can be increased. The authors of the article propose criteria for determining possibility of increasing the export of various groups of goods. The paper may be of interest to all export transaction participants, including manufacturers, merchants, and professional associations. The export expansion assessment method applied by the authors may be adopted by exporting companies to identify groups of goods that have export growth reserves.

OPTIMAL INCENTIVES FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES: A MICRO APPROACH

Financial crisis of 2008 and the ongoing pandemic are continuing to have a negative impact on the economies of all countries even tough interest rates have been decreased significantly. This paper attempted to view the problem from a micro point of view to suggest more effective incentives for growth. The specific objective of the study is to determine and examine the effects of these incentives on economic growth in Central European countries.

PERSPECTIVE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON THE INTERACTIONS OF INTERNAL AUDIT WITH MANAGMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON THE INTERNAL - EXTERNAL AUDIT LINKAGES

Literatures based on developed countries suggest an interaction of internal audit with management has impact on the internal-external audit linkages and the interactions and linkages have their own contribution toward the realization of good corporate governance. Nevertheless, these interactions have not been sufficiently explored in developing countries such as Ethiopia. This quantitative research examines in the form of explanatory study the interaction of internal audit with management and its impact on the internal- external audit linkages in Ethiopia. By doing so, it explained the causal relationship between variables through hypothesis testing. The research method of this study was a constructed questionnaire, which was sent to companies and to the 100 top management, internal auditors, and external auditors in Ethiopia. As it has been examined, existing findings suggest that organizations can enhance corporate governance’s effectiveness by strengthening the interactions of internal audit with management and in the meantime as the result of this impact by upgrading the internal-external audit linkages. In line with this, the results indicate interactions of internal audit with management depend on the level of the result of internal audits’ effectiveness, as the result, it positively moderates the internal-external audit linkages.

INFLUENCE OF FIRM SIZE, LEVERAGE, PROFITABILITY, AND DIVIDEND POLICY ON FIRM VALUE OF COMPANIES IN INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE

The aim of this study is to acquire empirical proof on the impact of firm size, leverage, profitability, and dividend policy on the firm value of the consumer goods industry in the food & beverage sub-sector listed on IDX in 2016-2019. Firm size is calculated by Ln of total sales, leverage is calculated by the Debt to Assets Ratio (DAR), profitability is calculated by Return On Equity (ROE), dividend policy is calculated by Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR), and firm value is calculated by Price to Book Value (PBV). The methodology used purposive sampling. The number of samples used in this research were 10 consumer goods industry companies in the food and beverage sub-sector listed on the IDX during 2016-2019. The data source of this research comes from the company’s yearly financial reports. This research uses a quantitative oncoming with multiple linear regression analysis methods. The resumes of this research found that firm size, leverage, profitability, and dividend policy simultaneously influence firm value; firm size has no impact on company value; leverage has a positive impact on company value; profitability has a positive impact on company value; and dividend policy has a positive impact on company value.

EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF THE SUITABILITY OF IFRS FOR BANKING SECTOR IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN COUNTRIES

The reason for this investigation was to survey the appropriateness of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in sub-Saharan African nations banking sector like Ethiopia. The following research endeavors to acquire experiences into the benefits and detriments of IFRS execution in Ethiopian Banking sector depending on the view of banks financial directors, scholastics in accounting and external auditor. Examination is insightful of online overview, which intends to clarify the appropriateness of IFRS as opposed to depict a population. Along these lines, representativeness of the example to the population was not the objective of the examination; it endeavors rather to guarantee legitimacy of the information by applying purposive testing (Oppenheim, 1992). In such manner an aggregate of 30 surveys were conveyed to banks financial supervisors, scholastics and external auditors who have rich information and involvement with IFRS execution in financial sector in Ethiopia. Of the 26 answers (87 percent), 26 finished polls were broke down. The outcomes recommend that IFRS execution is appropriate for the banking sector of Ethiopia regardless of whether banks are causing extra significant expenses to carry out the standards. The selection of IFRS gives numerous benefits to the financial sector climate without logical inconsistency with Ethiopian financial laws and corporate duty. The advantages that the financial sector in Ethiopia will get from IFRS execution pertinently and dependably addresses the financial reports more than its execution cost.

REEXAMING THE ECONOMIC RECOVERY TAX ACT OF 1981: EVIDENCE FROM INNOVATIVE EFFICIENCY

The research objective of this article is to examine the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA) on innovative efficiency, which measures how effectively firms convert research spending and existing human capital into new patents and products. Research method- wise, this study measures innovative efficiency by dividing the number of new patents to average R&D expenses and analyses how innovative efficiency changed after the ERTA using regression. The main conclusion is that the ERTA tax credit decreased innovative efficiency and competitions for research resources could explain this reduction. These findings provide new insights on the effectiveness of R&D tax policies from the efficiency perspective. Policy makers should consider these findings when designing R&D tax policies in the future.

INDIA GAS EXCHANGE TODAY’S REALITY AND PATH AHEAD

This research aims to study structure, functioning and operational mechanism of India’s first gas exchange i.e. Indian Gas Exchange (IGX) which is a subsidiary of Indian Energy Exchange (IEX). Exploratory research is used to study and investigate conceptual framework and operational mechanism of IGX. The results of the study show that IEX has unveiled the nation’s first automated natural gas exchange trading platform called IGX for well organized and hefty Gas market and to stimulate gas trading in the country. IGX would lead India towards Gas Based Economy by designing and providing robust solution for natural gas trading and access. So far as price mechanism at IGX is concerned, it is dynamic and market driven which is based on Double-sided closed auction with uniform price mechanism. IGX plays an extremely important and fundamental role towards capitalizing a free market for gas. Clearing and Settlement system at IGX is structured and transparent. As IGX is purely electronic trading platform for natural gas which is considered as barometer of the India’s progressive policy as it integrates the entire energy value chain from gas production.

DETERMINANTS OF THE LEVEL OF FINANCIAL LITERACY IN TURKEY

The main objective of this study was to explain individuals’ financial literacy levels through socioeconomic and demographic variables. A random sample of 1000 participants was recruited from Turkey. As an indicator of the financial literacy level, a measure with three constructs was adopted: financial attitude, financial behaviour and financial knowledge. Logit model was estimated from these explanatory variables: gender, age, marital status, number of family members, education, income, number of persons with income, household income and working conditions. In the logit model results, the effect of gender, age and education was statistically significant and positive. The results emphasized that there is a relationship between financial literacy level and gender, age and education. Additionally, the results of this study indicated that the level of financial literacy is 52.9% in Turkey.

EFFICACY OF AUDIT FEE ON AUDIT QAULITY OF SELECTED PHARMACEUTICAL FIRMS IN NIGERIA

The problem of poor accuracy and credibility in some audited financial statement has being a major form of information asymmetry which had led some shareholders and prospective investors to make wrong Judgment about the financial position of some organization due to poor audit quality. Thus, Specifically this study empirically examine how audit fee, audit report lag as well as mandatory auditor rotation affect the audit quality of the sample listed pharmaceutical firms on the floor of the Nigerian Stock Exchange. A GLS estimation method was employed to clearly establish the nature relationship that exists between the dependent variable and the adopted surrogates for the independent variables. A Secondary data was extracted from the annual audited reports from the ten selected pharmaceutical firms that serve as the fair representation for the population under study for a period of ten years 2009-2019. The result from the finding shows that all the adopted surrogates for the independent variable were jointly significant in explaining about 72% variation in audit quality given credence to the coefficient of (R2) which stood @ 0.72 as well as the combined p-value of 0.000. This implies that the predictive power of the surrogates of the independent variables can explain about 72% changes in audit quality of the population under study. In specific terms; Audit fee have a significant positive impact on audit quality of the selected pharmaceutical firms while audit report lag and mandatory auditor rotation have significant negative impact the audit quality of the selected pharmaceutical firms respectively. The study therefore recommends among many others that policy makers and regulators should put in place a framework that will ensure the payment of optimal compensation to audit firm as audit fee as this will no doubt go a long way in improving the audit quality of the firms under study.

STOCK PRICES: EFFECT OF BEHAVIORAL BIASES ON INVESTOR’S MINDSET IN GUJARAT STATE, INDIA

Stock market performances has been observed through a good deal of literature out of which it has been found out that the behavior of investors is affected through many parameters exist in the market like occurrence of any sudden event or influenceof Individual advice apart from the past behavior of the stock which is called rational information regarding stock performances as per the traditional finance theory. The main aim of this paper is to identify the mediating effect among various types of informationavailable in the market for investors to invest their money into the stock market as a part of different behavioral biases in the Gujarat State, India. Three types of constructs have been derived as a part of exploratory research design for this study byapplying exploratory factor analysis (EFA) which are Company History, IPO issues and Location benefit of the company out of the different variable taken for the study. Structural Equation modelling (SEM) techniques have been applied to check the mediatingeffect among these three constructs. The study has been concluded that Company information is an indirect construct, IPO issue is a dependent construct and Location of the company is a mediating construct which is revealing that there is a significant impact of Company information on the IPO issue done by any corporate in the market. IPO issue can also be affected by the Location of the company which has the mediating effect on it.