Processus Technologique de Fabrication Du Contre-Plaque

It should be remembered that in the Congo Basin, investments in new wood processing plants or in the extension of existing ones are still very limited. In addition, the 3 wood products exported from this region are mainly sawn timber, veneers, and plywood. It should be noted that despite some timid existing opportunities, some companies operating in the Congo Basin are struggling to invest in wood processing and therefore do not effectively contribute to the development of national and sub-regional economies. To better capitalize on these opportunities, it is important to create a business environment conducive to new investments in advanced wood processing. Ultimately, this study made it possible to assimilate the techniques and processes of obtaining veneers and plywood successfully through the technology of the machines developed, with the application of our theoretical knowledge in order to gain experience of professionally enhanced intellectual capacities. The plywood production is fixed at 6,651 m3; 8,452 m3 respectively in 2011 and 2012 showing a gradual increase in the order of 1,801 m3 due to strong demand from the local market. With regard to the annual volume of veneers obtained, the yield of veneers and plywood obtained were the following R1 ≈ 44% and R2 ≈ 30%. Exports of peeled veneers recorded a drop of 8.20% in volume, reaching 25,893.244 m3 in 2019 against 28,206.341 in 2018. However, peeled veneers each ranked 4th, in order reached 25,893.244 m3 or 2.60%. Okoumé, with 391,030,067 m3, or 39.31% of the total volume, was the main forest species among the various exported products, out of more than sixty exported concerned. Rappelons que dans le Bassin du Congo, les investissements dans les nouvelles usines de transformation du bois ou dans l’extension de celles existantes restent encore très limités. En outre, les 3 produits de bois exportés de cette région, sont majoritairement les bois sciés, les placages et les contreplaqués. Soulignons qu´en dépit de quelques timides opportunités existantes, certaines entreprises opérant dans le Bassin du Congo peinent à investir dans la transformation du bois et de ce fait, ne contribuent pas efficacement au développement des économies nationales et sous-régionales. Pour mieux capitaliser ces opportunités, il s´avère important de créer un environnement d´affaires propice aux nouveaux investissements dans la transformation poussée du bois. En effet depuis l’année 2000, le Congo s’était doté de la loi forestière, loi n° 16 - 2000 du 20 novembre 2000 portant code forestier qui consacre la gestion durable des forêts garantissant une exploitation soutenue des bois et une conservation des écosystèmes ; et jusqu’à la promulgation de la nouvelle loi forestière n°33 – 2020 du 8 juillet 2020 portant code forestier qui aborde de nouvelles questions climatiques et environnementales ; le développement et la diversification de la transformation constitue l’une des principales stratégies pour la mise en œuvre de cette politique, avec une utilisation rationnelle des bois, avec une valeur ajoutée plus importante du secteur forêt – bois et la création de plus d’emplois.

Scénarii de Réduction des Emissions liées à la Déforestation et la Dégradation forestière en fonction du Niveau des Emissions de Référence pour les Forêts (NERF)

A country with very high forest cover and very low deforestation (High Forest Cover, Low Deforestation "HFLD"), the Republic of Congo presented its Forest Reference Emissions Level (NERF) in 2016. This NERF, approved by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in June 2017, is set at 35.5 million teCO2/year. It is organized around the estimate of historical emissions from 2000 to 2012 and future emissions from 2015 to 2020, related to Deforestation and Forest Degradation. The article proposes three (03) reduction scenarios, which could be applied by the Republic of Congo, to reduce its emissions related to Deforestation and Forest Degradation, in connection with its NERF. Scenario 1 involves a reduction of 8.3 million teCO2/year. Scenario 2 aims to increase this reduction to 4.2 million teCO2/year and Scenario 3 involves a reduction of 2.8 million teCO2/year. Scenario 2 is perfectly suited to the national circumstances of the Republic of Congo, which has embarked on a sustainable development approach. The national REDD strategy, validated by all stakeholders in July 2016, stipulated that the impact of deforestation and forest degradation be limited on the basis of five (05) strategic axes: (i) strengthening sustainable governance and financing, (ii) sustainable management and development of forest resources, (iii) improvement of agricultural systems, (iv) rationalization of the production and use of wood energy and the promotion of other clean energy sources and (v) the development of a green mining sector. Pays à très forte couverture forestière et à très faible taux de déforestation (High Forest Cover, Low Deforestation « HFLD »), la République du Congo a présenté en 2016, son Niveau des Emissions de Référence pour les Forêts (NERF). Ce NERF, approuvé par la Convention Cadre des Nations-Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) en Juin 2017, est établi à 35,5 millions teCO2/an. Il est organisé autour de l’estimation des émissions historiques de 2000 à 2012 et des émissions futures de 2015 à 2020, liées à la Déforestation et la Dégradation Forestière. L’article propose trois (03) scénarii de réduction, susceptibles d’être appliqués par la République du Congo, pour réduire ses émissions liées à la Déforestation et la Dégradation Forestière, en lien avec son NERF. Le scénario n°1 porte sur une réduction de 8,3 millions teCO2/an. Le scénario n°2 vise à porter cette réduction à 4,2 millions teCO2/an et le scénario n°3 porte sur une réduction de 2,8 millions teCO2/an. Le scénario 2 est parfaitement adapté aux circonstances nationales de la République du Congo qui s’est engagé dans une approche de développement durable. La stratégie nationale REDD+, validée par l’ensemble des parties prenantes en Juillet 2016, à prescrit de limiter l’impact de la déforestation et de la dégradation forestière en se fondant sur cinq (05) axes stratégiques : (i) le renforcement de la gouvernance et des financements durables, (ii) la gestion durable et la valorisation des ressources forestières, (iii) l’amélioration des systèmes agricoles, (iv) la rationalisation de la production et de l’utilisation du bois énergie et la promotion d'autres sources d'énergie propres et (v) le développement d’un secteur minier vert.

Comparative Analysis of Rice Performance and Profitability with the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Traditional Practices (TP) in Ziguinchor District, Senegal

The "System of Rice Intensification"(SRI) represents a sustainable alternative to improve household yields and incomes. This study aimed to evaluate the yields and the profitability of the SRI and the Traditional Practices (TP) in Ziguinchor district, Senegal. A directed sampling based on criteria for selecting the system used and the cultivated varieties common to both systems was applied to collect the yield parameters and yields of paddy rice. Thus, 18 producers in the Badiate, Essyl, and Fanda sites were selected, nine per system and four 1 m2 yield squares were installed in each selected producer plot. A total of 72 yield squares, 36 per system, were installed, and an individual questionnaire was randomly administered to 55 producers using at least one of the systems to collect data on rice production and costs. The yield parameters including the number of fertile tillers per m2, the number of spikes, the weight of the 1000 grains are significantly higher (p<0.05) in the SRI including yield compared to the traditional system. Transplanting density and plant duration are higher in TP (26±5.6 plants/m2 and 26 days) than in SRI (16±0.4 plants/m2 and 16 days). The lower the transplanting density, the higher the yield parameters and the yield. The economic profitability, determined based on the benefit/cost ratio, is higher in SRI (1.5) than in TP (1.2). The SRI required a lot of technicality in its implementation and generated more cost of production. However, SRI was more productive and economically more profitable than the traditional system.

A Review of Recent Studies on The Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activity of Annona Muricata

Medicinal plants have been used to treat illness and disease for thousands of years. Bioactive principles present in medicinal plants attribute to the therapeutic efficacy and it can be incorporated into modern medicine systems for the development of newer drug formulation for therapeutic ailments. Even now they are economically important, being used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, perfumery, and food industries. Screening of medicinal plants for antimicrobial activities and phytochemicals is important for finding potential new compounds for therapeutic use. In the present review, an attempt has been made to congregate the traditional, phytochemical, and pharmacological studies done on an important medicinal plant Annona muricata. Cyclo hexapeptides, acetogenins, annonaceous acetogenins were the major phytochemical compounds studied from this medicinal plant. The fruit is of economic value and hence cultivated and used widely as edible food. The plant possesses the major pharmacological activities includes Anti-viral activity, Anti-oxidant Activity, Larvicidal activity, Anti-inflammatory activity, Antipediculicidal activity, Anti-bacterial activity, and wound healing. It also has an anti-carcinogenic and cytotoxic effect.

Assessment of Forest Personnel Performance in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

This study assesses the performances of forest personnel in Akwa Ibom State in meeting their target revenue for the state using qualitative and quantitative approaches. The primary data were obtained using a structured questionnaire, oral interviews, and direct observation, while the secondary data were obtained from all the 31 Divisions and the Directorate of Forestry in Akwa Ibom State. Data collected were analyzed using the descriptive and stochastic frontier analysis to assess efficiency The results obtained showed that the majority of the respondents were male (59.50%), in their economically active and productive age bracket (50.41), attended tertiary education (79.33%), were married (69.42%), had a family size of fewer than 5 members (71.90%), and received a monthly income of ₦41,000 - ₦50,000 (42.15%). Also, the majority of the respondents had been in service for 11 – 15 years (30.23%), resided in their stations (72.09%), and received various forms of in-training (65.12%) to enhance their effectiveness or performance. Most of the Uniformed Field staff patrolled their divisions daily with their superior visiting their divisions more than once a month. The majority (53.84%) of the Forest Officers had less than 10 years' experience and their technical efficiency ranged from 0.35 to 0.97. The study, therefore, recommends that a more conducive working environment should be provided for the forest personnel to be able to optimize their performances which would translate to increased revenue generation for the state.

Economic and Social Benefits of Growing Peanut Instead of Boro Rice in a Sweet Water Scarce Area of Coastal Bangladesh

This study assessed the relative profitability and social impact of peanut cultivation over Boro rice production in a polder of coastal Bangladesh where there is a scarcity of sweet water for crop cultivation in the Rabi season. Sixty samples from a village namely Sekendarkhali of Amtali Upazila under Barguna district were randomly selected for the study. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, focus group discussion, and key informant interviews, and different quantitative and qualitative methods were used to explain the data. Cost and return analysis was performed to assess the relative profitability of the two crops. Major findings of the study show that per hectare total costs, gross return, gross margin, and net returns for peanut and Boro production were Tk. 116170 and Tk. 91632; Tk. 132648 and Tk. 52419; Tk. 28540 and Tk. -27628; and Tk. 16478 and Tk. -39203, respectively, which indicate that peanut was more profitable than Boro rice. Moreover, benefit-cost ratios (BCR) of peanut and Boro rice production were found 1.14 and 0.57, respectively indicating peanut production is profitable for farmers in the study area but not the Boro rice production. It was also found that peanut cultivation has some positive social impacts. Adoption of peanut cultivation as a Rabi crop increases the cropping intensity of the study area, creates employment opportunities for both men and women, helps to ensure better nutritional status and better health of the farmers, helps the farmers to stay in the village and to build a better social relationship, increases the income of the farmers, and ensures a better standard of living. The study also identified some problems and constraints faced by the peanut growing farmers and suggested some recommendations to improve the present production of peanuts so that adoption and per hectare yield of peanut would possibly be increased.

Medicinal & Biological Investigations of Ficus Racemosa

Ficus racemosa is a traditional medicinal plant found in Southeast Asia and Australia. It is commonly known as 'gular'or ‘Dumur’. Owing to the presence of β-sitosterol it decreases the blood glucose concentration. Many active constituents isolated from different parts of this plant exhibit useful pharmacological activity. The objective of this dissertation is to identify the biological activity of the roots of an indigenous medicinal plant, viz., Ficus racemosa (Family: Moraceae) and to evaluate the possible phytochemical and pharmacological profiles of the crude extracts. Some chemical and biological researches on this plant have been conducted out so far, focusing mainly on the plant's bark and root. That's why the objective of this framework is to assess the different possibilities of developing new therapeutic targets from this plant's fruit that could be crucial for the treatment of many diseases.

Assessment of Gender Priority on Groundwater Utilization in Northwestern Bangladesh

The present study was undertaken to find out gender-specific priorities in groundwater utilization for crop production and domestic uses, and also to identify various problems and constraints faced in groundwater utilization. A total of 60 farm households were selected randomly for empirical investigation from two northwestern districts of Bangladesh. Among these selected households, both husband and wife were interviewed separately. Both descriptive and econometric (logistic regression) analyses were performed. Groundwater is the main source of irrigation and household water and it is supplied by both public and private enterprises. The availability of water is scarce in the study location hence people use irrigation water for most of their domestic activities. Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (state-run) operated tube wells that contributed 87% of the domestic water uses in the study area. Logistic regression results confirm that priorities of groundwater utilization vary across gender. Females have a greater preference for domestic uses of groundwater while males have a preference for crop irrigation. One of the major factors of preference variation is that female has to spent a good amount of time in fetching water for domestic uses. Water management policies should consider these utilization preferences to avoid extra burden on women in fetching water from away. The study suggests better institutional arrangements for groundwater availability for crop production and domestic uses towards ensuring food security and health benefits.

Compositional Changes in Colostrum of Crossbred Dairy Cow

The research was conducted to examine the day-to-day variation in colostrum composition at the udder quarter level. For this purpose, a total of 3 Holstein Frisian crossbred cows were selected from Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm. Colostrum samples were collected both as mixed and separately from different teats. The concentration of major colostrum constituents (fat, protein, lactose, total solids, solids-not-fat, ash, pH, specific gravity) changed significantly (p≤0.05), the levels on day 4 were found similar to those of normal milk. The highest mean value of fat, protein, total solid, SNF, ash and specific gravity in colostrum was observed on 1st post-partum day as 6.02±0.70, 14.20±0.18, 23.88±1.25, 17.94±0.42, 1.03±0.05% and 1.05±0.00, respectively and later on, decreased as postpartum days advanced. Minimum average fat, protein, total solid, SNF, and ash content in colostrum was observed on 5th postpartum days as 3.75±0.11, 3.24±0.08, 12.00±0.20, 8.27±0.16% and 0.695±0.01, respectively. But lactose percent and pH showed an increasing trend from 1 to 5 postpartum days. Minimum average lactose and pH was observed on 1st and 5th postpartum days as 2.42±0.06%; 6.03±0.04% and 4.26±0.15; 6.30±0.04, respectively. The quality of colostrum produced by udder quarters was found significantly different (p<0.05). The rear quarters produced colostrum, which was significantly richer in fat, proteins, TS, pH compared to forequarters colostrum. The forequarters produced colostrum which was significantly richer in lactose, ash, SNF compared to forequarters colostrum. In conclusion, the results showed that colostrum composition was significantly changed up to 5 days post-partum.

Determinants of Structural Change in the Dairy Sector

Even though the dairy products are not a staple food item, but they are necessary for humans as an excellent source of protein. The consumption of dairy commodities began a long time ago, and over time there has been an improvement in the processing to match the changes in the tastes. Small scale dairy production was the root of today’s dairy sector. However, now it is going on a large scale. This changed gradually through a process accompanied by different factors. This study aimed at identifying and understanding existing determinants and their role behind the change in the dairy sector. For this, peer-reviewed articles published by researchers around the world were obtained with all possible search combinations from reputed online databases. Statistical data were collected from reliable statistical data providers, and all activities were done focusing on the determinants of changing the dairy sector. The regulatory policy framework of dairy-producing countries, change in farm size, shift in consumption pattern, etc. were found as the most crucial factors behind the change. Possible suggestions required to keep pace with this massive change were discussed.