Water Harvesting Technique as Source of Safe Drinking Water in Rural Areas of Sudan

2021 ◽  
pp. 153-161
Author(s):  
Ageel I. Bushara ◽  
Mohanad O. Mustafa ◽  
Saeid Eslamian
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Harvesting Technique

scholarly journals Clarification of algae-laden water using electrochemical processes

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-323
Author(s):  
Patrick E. Wiley ◽  
Jonathan D. Trent
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Clarity ◽  
Ideal Gas ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Electrochemical Processes ◽  
Harvesting Technique ◽  
Chlorine Gas ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
The Ideal

Algae contamination of surface water and drinking water supplies is a significant problem particularly in rural areas. A decentralized inexpensive technology that would effectively remove algae from water would be beneficial. Electrocoagulation (EC) combined with electroflotation (EF) as a single process (ECF) is a promising algae harvesting technique with no moving parts that may be powered using a modest array of photovoltaic panels if a low power system can be developed. Here, an ECF system was constructed to study the energy required to remove algae from a simulated drinking water supply. Results from 18 ECF experiments indicated a >95% improvement of water clarity measured by optical density (OD750) could be achieved with as little energy as 1.25 kWh m−3. The key was to find the ideal combination of gas bubbles produced by EF (G) and coagulant from the EC relative to the concentration of suspended solids (S). The ideal gas to solids (G/S) ratio for the ECF system ranged from 0.09 to 0.17. In solutions containing chloride (Cl−) ions ECF produced chlorine gas which is known to contribute to disinfection. Results suggest that ECF can efficiently remove algae and simultaneously contribute to disinfecting contaminated drinking water supplies.

Status and Prospects of Rural Drinking Water in China

2011 ◽  
Vol 281 ◽  
pp. 263-266
Author(s):  
Zhen Hua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Drinking Water System

Safe drinking water in rural areas in china was worried about, and was very urgent.Table 2 shows that more than 320 million people living in rural areas drank unhealthy water in 2004, there were 90.84 million rural residents in 2004 drinking contaminated water in china. Contaminated water became the main reason of unsafe drinking water in rural areas,coming from industrial pollution and agricultural pollution. At the same time, emergency exacerbating crisis of rural drinking water, especially rising incidents of industrial pollution. china plans to provide safe drinking water for rural residents in rural areas, through financial investment and policy support, and improves rural safe drinking water system.

scholarly journals Assessing the Effects of Access to Safe Drinking Water on Children’s Nutritional Status in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Ryota Nakamura ◽  
◽  
Takumi Kondo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

This study analyzed the effects of access to safe drinking water on the nutritional status of children under the age of 59 months in urban and rural areas in Indonesia using the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5. Both piped water and packaged water were considered safe to drink. The descriptive statistics show that children in rural areas typically had insufficient access to safe drinking water and children who consumed safe drinking water had higher short- and long-term nutrition levels. To mitigate selection bias due to the non-random distribution of access to safe drinking water, a matching estimation was used to quantitatively determine the effects of access to safe drinking water on child nutrition. The provision of safe drinking water improved the short- and long-term nutritional status of children in rural areas but had no significant effect to that of children in urban areas. A simulation of this effect on child nutrition shows that in rural areas, improved access to safe drinking water decreases the stunting ratio by 13 percentage points and the wasting ratio by 6.1 percentage points. Additionally, both household income levels and community drinking water prices are important determinants of access to safe drinking water. Therefore, access to safe drinking water is necessary to improve the nutritional status of children in rural Indonesia, and community characteristics contribute to access.

Spring Health’s Tryst: Selling Safe Drinking Water

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 219-237
Author(s):  
Sumita Sindhi ◽  
Pranab Ranjan Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Indian States ◽  
East Indian ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Customer Base ◽  
Challenging Situation

The case talks about Spring Health Water India Private Limited (referred as SH), a social enterprise delivering safe drinking water to the millions who are earning less than $2 per day. Chairman of Spring Health Paul Polak, took up for-profit business venture as a measure to ensure health and poverty alleviation in rural areas. The idea is to provide affordable drinking water through decentralized delivery and utilizing local resources and grassroot entrepreneurs to keep the drinking water prices low. This venture provided extra income to some of the villagers — as entrepreneurs, business assistants, delivery boys, masons and plumbers, etc. Many innovative methods are adopted in the process to reach out to all social groups, in least possible time and at highly affordable prices. Effort is made to maximize customer base by using marketing techniques which are culturally and socially sensitive. Technology used in the process of chlorination is simple and with little knowledge/experience a villager can handle it too. It is a low cost technology and hence utilizes less resources, which are easily available and do not require high costs of handling and managing. The target is to reach 200 million people in the coming years covering East Indian states of Odisha, Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Jharkhand. To reach such scale, it requires concerted efforts on the part of company and a lot of funding support. Launch at each new village is a new challenge. Convincing rural masses on safe drinking water is a challenge and selling water with a price tag is not readily accepted in rural areas. Chairman Paul Polak and CEO Kishan Nanavati have a challenging situation of convincing people to buy safe drinking water and to mobilize funds for further expansion.

Access to potable water and sanitation in Cameroon within the context of Millennium Development Goals (MDGS)

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1317-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Ako Ako ◽  
Jun Shimada ◽  
Gloria Eneke Takem Eyong ◽  
Wilson Yetoh Fantong
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Development Goals

Cameroon has been fully engaged with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) since their inception in 2000. This paper examines the situation of access to potable water and sanitation in Cameroon within the context of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), establishes whether Cameroon is on the track of meeting the MDGs in these domains and proposes actions to be taken to bring it closer to these objectives. Based on analyzed data obtained from national surveys, government ministries, national statistical offices, bibliographic research, reports and interviews, it argues that Cameroon will not reach the water and sanitation MGDs. While Cameroon is not yet on track to meet the targets of the MDGs for water and sanitation, it has made notable progress since 1990, much more needs to be done to improve the situation, especially in rural areas. In 2006, 70% of the population had access to safe drinking water and the coverage in urban centres is 88%, significantly better than the 47% in rural areas. However, rapid urbanization has rendered existing infrastructure inadequate with periurban dwellers also lacking access to safe drinking water. Sanitation coverage is also poor. In urban areas only 58% of the population has access to improved sanitation facilities, and the rate in rural areas is 42%. Women and girls shoulder the largest burden in collecting water, 15% of urban and 18% rural populations use improved drinking water sources over 30 minutes away. Cameroon faces the following challenges in reaching the water and sanitation MDGs: poor management and development of the resources, coupled with inadequate political will and commitment for the long term; rapid urbanization; urban and rural poverty and regulation and legislative lapses. The authors propose that: bridging the gap between national water policies and water services; recognizing the role played by Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the attainment of MDGs; developing a Council Water Resource Management Policy and Strategy (CWARMPS); organizing an institutional framework for the water and sanitation sector as well as completion and implementation of an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) plan, would bring Cameroon closer to the water and sanitation MDGs.

scholarly journals Issues in access to safe drinking water and basic hygiene for persons with physical disabilities in rural Cambodia

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 885-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marin MacLeod ◽  
Mala Pann ◽  
Ray Cantwell ◽  
Spencer Moore
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Physical Disabilities ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Barriers To Access

An estimated 1.6 million people die from diarrheal diseases each year due to lack of access to safe water and sanitation, and persons with physical disabilities face additional barriers. In Cambodia, approximately 5% of the population is disabled, presenting substantial obstacles in accessing these basic services. The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to identify the challenges facing persons with physical disabilities in accessing safe household water and basic hygiene in rural Cambodia; and, second, to use these results to generate policy and practice recommendations for the water and sanitation hygiene sector implementing water treatment system interventions in rural settings. Fifteen field interviews were conducted with persons with physical disabilities. Thematic analysis was used to identify six main themes. The results indicated that environmental barriers to access were greater in the workplace than household settings and those persons with disabilities had greater awareness about safe drinking water compared to basic hygiene. Additionally, lack of physical strength, distance to water, and lack of financial means were noted as common access barriers. The findings support ongoing research and offer insight into the particular challenges facing persons with physical disabilities in rural areas in accessing safe drinking water and basic hygiene.

scholarly journals Consumption of safe drinking water in Pakistan: its dimensions and determinants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naeem Akram
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
At Home

Abstract. Access to clean and safe drinking water is a basic human right. Poor quality of drinking water is directly associated with various waterborne diseases. The present study has attempted to analyze the household preferences for drinking water sources and the adoption of water purifying methods at home in Pakistan by using the household data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18. It has been found that people living in rural areas, headed by aged ones and having large family sizes are significantly less likely to use safe drinking water sources and households having media exposure, education, women empowerment in household purchases and belonging to the rich segment of society are more likely to use safe drinking water source. Similarly, households belonging to urban areas, having a higher level of awareness (through education and media), belonging to wealthy families, women enjoying a higher level of empowerment and using piped water are more likely to adopt water-purifying methods at home. However, households using water from tube wells, wells, and boreholes and having higher family sizes are less likely to adopt water purifying methods at home.

scholarly journals Willingness to pay for improved water supply in rural areas of tamilnadu: an econometric analysis using tobit model

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-240
Author(s):  
DHANASEKARAN K ◽  
GANESAN R
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Resource Mobilization ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Operation And Maintenance ◽  
The Government

Provision of high quality and sustainable drinking water services for all the citizens, particularly the rural poor, is critical to enhance the economic productivity of any nation. Supply of safe and quality drinking water to the rural community remains a significant issue in the governance in India. It has been estimated that to provide safe drinking water to all rural habitations in the country with minimum satisfactory level of service would require a further investment of about Rs.450 billion. In view of increasing constraints, it would be a difficult task for the Government alone to mobilize such huge investment single handedly. Therefore, aproductive and pro-active involvement of user community and other stakeholders in resource mobilization and community participation in the implementation as well as the operation and maintenance of the system has become imperative. To translate the above strategy into practice, it requires massive efforts to transform the prevailing mindset of the major partners – the users, community, local Government, Government agencies, NGO’s etc. When users are involved in operation and maintenance of the systems, they are likely to be willing to pay forit.

scholarly journals Access to Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Maasai in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1535-1539
Author(s):  
Boniphace Jacob ◽  
Method Kazaura
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

ABSTRACTSafe water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) are among key components to prevent and control waterborne diseases such as cholera, schistosomiasis, and other gastrointestinal morbidities in the community. In 2018, there was cholera outbreak in Ngorongoro district that was fueled by inadequate and unsafe water as well as poor sanitation and hygiene. We used an analytical cross-sectional study first to determine the proportion of households with access to WaSH and second to assess factors associated with coverage of household’s access to WaSH. Methods included interviewing heads of the household to assess the availability of safe drinking water, use of unshared toilet/latrine by household members only, and the availability of functional handwashing facility. Eight percent of households had access to WaSH. Access to household’s WaSH was positively associated with household’s monthly income, education of heads of the household, and water use per person per week. To control water-related morbidities, there is a need to improve access to reliable safe drinking water, expand alternatives of households to earn more incomes, and enhance proper sanitation and hygiene services to rural areas and marginalized groups like the Maasai of Ngorongoro in Tanzania.

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