Synthesis of poly(butyl acrylate)-laponite nanocomposite nanoparticles for improving the impact strength of poly(lactic acid)

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) blends were prepared via melt blending technique. Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was added as reactive compatibilizer to improve the interfacial adhesion between immiscible phases of PLA and PCL matrices. Tensile test revealed that optimum in elongation at break of approximately 327% achieved when GMA loading was up to 3wt%. Slight drop in tensile strength and tensile modulus at optimum ratio suggested that the blends were tuned to be deformable. Flexural studies showed slight drop in flexural strength and modulus when GMA wt% increases as a result of improved flexibility by finer dispersion of PCL in PLA matrix. Besides, incorporation of GMA in the blends remarkably improved the impact strength. Highest impact strength was achieved (160% compared to pure PLA/PCL blend) when GMA loading was up to 3 wt%. SEM analysis revealed improved interfacial adhesion between PLA/PCL blends in the presence of GMA. Finer dispersion and smooth surface of the specimens were noted as GMA loading increases, indicating that addition of GMA eventually improved the interfacial compatibility of the nonmiscible blend.

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A study on the mechanical, thermal properties and crystallization behavior of poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic poly(propylene carbonate) polyurethane blends

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c7ra07424g ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (73) ◽

pp. 46183-46194 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Jia Yang ◽

Hongwei Pan ◽

Xin Li ◽

Shulin Sun ◽

Huiliang Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Propylene Carbonate ◽

Crystallization Behavior ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Poly Propylene ◽

The Impact

PPCU was prepared by using PPC and polyols as the raw materials and diphenyl-methane-diisocyanate (MDI) as the extender chain. The impact strength and elongation at break of PLA were remarkably enhanced by blending with PPCU.

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Improvement of Poly(Lactic Acid) Properties by Using Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber and Polyethylene-g-Maleic Anhydride

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.972.178 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 972 ◽

pp. 178-184

Author(s):

Sirirat Wacharawichanant ◽

Chawisa Wisuttrakarn ◽

Kasana Chomphunoi ◽

Manop Phankokkruad

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Maleic Anhydride ◽

Thermal Degradation ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Mass Loss ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber ◽

The Impact

This research prepared poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and PLA/acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) blends before and after adding polyethylene-g-maleic anhydride with 3 wt% of maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA3) 3 phr. The effects of NBR and PE-g-MA3 on morphological, mechanical and thermal properties of PLA and PLA blends were discussed. The morphological analysis observed the two-phase morphology of PLA/NBR blends, and it was observed the cavities generated due to NBR phase detachment during sample fracture, and droplets of NBR phase at higher NBR content. The PE-g-MA3 addition could improve adhesion between PLA and NBR phases due to the decrease of cavities in PLA matrix and droplet size of NBR. The mechanical properties showed the impact strength and strain at break of PLA/NBR blends dramatically increased when the amount of NBR increasing. The addition of PE-g-MA3 significantly improved the impact strength of PLA/NBR blends. The thermal properties showed the NBR addition had effect slightly on the melting temperature of PLA/NBR blends. The filling of NBR and PE-g-MA3 greatly decreased the percent crystallinity of PLA more than two times. The thermal degradation of pure PLA and NBR proceeds by one step, while the thermal degradation process of PLA/NBR and PLA/PE-g-MA3 proceeds by two steps. Which the first step showed a large mass loss of PLA degradation and the second step showed a small mass loss of PE-g-MA and NBR degradation.

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Biocomposites of Poly(Lactic Acid) and Cellulose Nanofibers from Cassava Pulp

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.753.13 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 753 ◽

pp. 13-17

Author(s):

Chi Nguyen Thanh ◽

Ruksakulpiwat Chaiwat ◽

Ruksakulpiwat Yupaporn

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Epoxy Group ◽

Cellulose Nanofibers ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Melt Mixing ◽

Hydrolysis Method ◽

Cassava Pulp ◽

The Impact

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were used as biobased fillers to prepare poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based biocomposites. Cellulose nanofibers were extracted from cassava pulp (CP) by acid hydrolysis method. Before submitted to acid treatment, CP was pre-treated by alkali and bleaching treatments. The biocomposites were prepared by melt mixing, followed by hot melt pressing. In order to improve the compatibility of CNFs with PLA matrix, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) grafted poly (lactic acid) (PLA-g-GMA) was used as a compatibilizer. PLA-g-GMA was prepared by grafting of GMA onto PLA chain via melt mixing using an internal mixer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph shows that most nanofibers with the diameter in the range of 10-30 nm and immeasurable length were obtained. The appearance of two new peaks at 49.07 and 44.71 ppm in the carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectrum of PLA-g-GMA, which represent the carbons of the epoxy group of GMA, confirms that GMA was successfully grafted onto PLA chain. The morphology of biocomposites, characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), reveals that without using PLA-g-GMA, the poor dispersion of CNFs in PLA matrix was observed. In contrast to that, with using PLA-g-GMA, the dispersion of CNFs in PLA matrix was improved. Moreover, the impact strength results show that by incorporating 1.0 wt% CNFs into PLA matrix and using PLA-g-GMA as a compatibilizer, the impact strength of biocomposites was slightly enhanced compared to that of pure PLA.

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Effects of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)-Encapsulated Nanosilica on Mechanical Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Nanocomposites

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.773.51 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 773 ◽

pp. 51-55

Author(s):

Jasmine Pongkasem ◽

Saowaroj Chuayjuljit ◽

Phasawat Chaiwutthinan ◽

Amnouy Larpkasemsuk ◽

Anyaporn Boonmahitthisud

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Methyl Methacrylate ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Vinyl Acetate ◽

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Poly Methyl Methacrylate ◽

The Impact

In this study, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was melt mixed with three weight percentages (10–30wt%) of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) in an internal mixer, followed by a compression molding. According to a better combination of mechanical properties, the 90/10 (w/w) PLA/EVA was selected for preparing hybrid nanocomposites with three loadings (1, 3 and 5 parts per hundred of resin , phr) of poly(methyl methacrylate)-encapsulated nanosilica (PMMA-nSiO2). The nanolatex of PMMA-nSiO2 was synthesized via in situ differential microemulsion polymerization. The obtained PMMA-nSiO2 showed a core-shell morphology with nSiO2 as a core and PMMA as a shell, having an average diameter of 43.4nm. The influences of the EVA and PMMA-nSiO2 on the impact strength and the tensile properties of the PLA/EVA nanocomposites were studied and compared. It is found that the impact strength and the tensile properties of the 90/10 (w/w) PLA/EVA were improved with the appropriate amounts of the EVA and PMMA-nSiO2.

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Synergistic effects in mechanical properties of PLA/PCL blends with optimized composition, processing, and morphology

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c5ra21178f ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (120) ◽

pp. 98971-98982 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Aleksandra Ostafinska ◽

Ivan Fortelny ◽

Martina Nevoralova ◽

Jiri Hodan ◽

Jana Kredatusova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact

Blending of poly(lactic acid) with poly(ε-caprolactone) can increase the impact strength above the values of the individual components.

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Effects of Processing Parameters and Nanofillers on Mechanical and Thermal Properties and Morphology of Impact Modified Poly (lactic acid)

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/opl.2013.497 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1499 ◽

Author(s):

Eda Acik ◽

Ulku Yilmazer

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Random Copolymer ◽

Processing Parameters ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽

Injection Molded ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTTernary nanocomposites of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) were produced by melt blending with two types of elastomers and five types of organoclays to obtain improved mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus and impact strength. One of the elastomers is a random copolymer of ethylene and glycidyl methacrylate (E-GMA) and the other one is a random terpolymer of ethylene-butyl acrylate-maleic anhydride (E-BA-MAH). Organically modified montmorillonites (OMMT) were utilized as nanofillers. XRD, DSC, tensile and impact tests were done on the injection molded samples. FTIR, SEM and TEM analyses are still in progress. As preliminary results, thermal analysis showed that the addition of compatibilizers and organoclays does not have a distinct effect on the thermal properties of the composites, and no evidence of nucleation activity of compatibilizers or organoclays was found. For all types of organoclays, the nanocomposites produced with E-GMA exhibited better mechanical properties in comparison to nanocomposites containing E-BA-MAH, especially for the impact strength.

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Effect of low nanoclay content on the physico-mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites

Polymers and Polymer Composites ◽

10.1177/0967391118816393 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 43-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

JR Robledo-Ortíz ◽

AS Martín del Campo ◽

EJ López-Naranjo ◽

M Arellano ◽

CF Jasso-Gastinel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Flexural Strength ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Degradation Temperature ◽

Nanoclay Content ◽

The Impact

In this work, three different nanoclays (1.44P, 1.34MN, and Cloisite 15A) were used to reinforce an injection grade poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The nanocomposites (NCs) were prepared using three different nanoclay concentration levels (1, 3, and 5 wt%) in a twin-screw extruder. To evaluate their mechanical performance (static and dynamic tests) and thermal properties, the respective samples were obtained by injection molding. Results showed that the three nanoclays significantly increased the tensile and flexural modulus of the injection grade PLA. The 1.34MN NCs also showed improvement in the tensile strength. An increment in flexural strength was obtained with 1.34MN and 1.44P nanoclays, while with nanoclay 15A, the flexural strength decreased. Additionally, the use of 5 wt% of 1.44P nanoclay allowed an increase in impact strength while using 1.34MN and 15A nanoclays, the impact strength was similar to the one observed for pure PLA. In general, mechanodynamic analysis results showed that storage modulus increased with nanoclay content; while thermogravimetric analysis indicated that none of the nanoclays has a significant effect over the degradation temperature of pure PLA. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the crystallinity of PLA is enhanced with nanoclay inclusion. For 1.34MN NCs, X-ray diffraction observations exposed that the mineral clay relative intensity peaks disappeared indicating nanoclay exfoliation, which contributes to the increase in tensile and flexural strength in the NCs. Nevertheless for 1.44P and 15A nanoclays, an increase in the interlayer distance (intercalation) was detected.

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Reactive compatibilization of poly(lactic acid)/polyethylene octene copolymer blends with ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer

Journal of Polymer Engineering ◽

10.1515/polyeng.2011.091 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (6-7) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Fang-Cheng Pai ◽

Hou-Hsein Chu ◽

Sun-Mou Lai

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Glycidyl Methacrylate ◽

Chemical Interaction ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Reactive Compatibilization ◽

Interfacial Compatibility ◽

Methacrylate Copolymer ◽

The Impact

Abstract A melt blending process was used to prepare poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/metallocene catalyzed polyethylene octene copolymer (POE) blends in order to toughen PLA. A commercialized ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (EGMA) was applied as a compatibilizer to improve the dispersion and interaction of dispersed POE to the PLA matrix. The results showed that chemical interaction seems to be the driving force for reinforcing the compatibility between PLA and POE, and also the dispersion of POE into the PLA matrix domain. With the incorporation of 10 phr EGMA in the blends, POE was well-dispersed at a sub-micrometer scale within the PLA matrix, indicating better interfacial compatibility between PLA and POE. The impact strength test revealed that POE could significantly toughen PLA containing EGMA in the blends, up to no-break level regarding unnotched Izod impact strength at 10 phr EGMA content. With the increase of EGMA content, the blends showed lower tensile strength, but higher elongation at break due to the elastomeric characteristics of EGMA. When 10 phr of the EGMA was incorporated into the blends, its elongation at break reached 54.5%, 10.7 times that of neat PLA at 5.1%. The melt viscosity of compatibilized blends containing 10 phr EGMA increased by more than 50% in comparison with the non-compatibilized blend, which implied a good interfacial interaction between the PLA and POE interface.

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