The Role of Chronic Inflammation in Various Diseases and Anti‐inflammatory Therapies Containing Natural Products

ChemMedChem ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renxiao Wang ◽  
Mi Zhou ◽  
Hui-Lai Ma ◽  
Qing-Shan Li
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Platelets, inflammation and anti-inflammatory effects of antiplatelet drugs in ACS and CAD

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (09) ◽  
pp. 498-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Müller ◽  
Madhumita Chatterjee ◽  
Dominik Rath ◽  
Tobias Geisler
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Platelet Activation ◽  
Inflammatory Marker ◽  
Antiplatelet Agents ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Condition ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Coronary Events

SummaryPlatelets play a pivotal role in chronic inflammation leading to progression of atherosclerosis and acute coronary events. Recent discoveries on novel mechanisms and platelet-dependent inflammatory targets underpin the role of platelets to maintain a chronic inflammatory condition in cardiovascular disease. There is strong and clinically relevant crosslink between chronic inflammation and platelet activation. Antiplatelet therapy is a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of acute cardiovascular events. The benefit of antiplatelet agents has mainly been attributed to their direct anti-aggregatory impact. Some anti-inflammatory off-target effects have also been described. However, it is unclear whether these effects are secondary due to inhibition of platelet activation or are caused by direct distinct mechanisms interfering with inflammatory pathways. This article will highlight novel platelet associated targets that contribute to inflammation in cardiovascular disease and elucidate mechanisms by which currently available antiplatelet agents evolve anti-inflammatory capacities, in particular by carving out the differential mechanisms directly or indirectly affecting platelet mediated inflammation. It will further illustrate the prognostic impact of antiplatelet therapies by reducing inflammatory marker release in recent cardiovascular trials.

Protective Role of Natural Products in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (14) ◽  
pp. 1134-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Raudzah Adib Ridzuan ◽  
Norhashima Abd Rashid ◽  
Faizah Othman ◽  
Siti Balkis Budin ◽  
Farida Hussan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Antineoplastic Agent ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Higher Doses

Cisplatin is a widely used antineoplastic agent for the treatment of metastatic tumors, advanced bladder cancer and many other solid tumors. However, at higher doses, toxicities such as nephrotoxicity may appear. Cisplatin leads to DNA damage and subsequently renal cell death. Besides that, oxidative stress is also implicated as one of the main causes of nephrotoxicity. Several studies showed that numerous natural products: ginseng, curcumin, licorice, honey and pomegranate were able to reduce the oxidative stress by restoring the levels of antioxidant enzymes and also at the same time act as an anti-inflammatory agent. Furthermore, pre-treatment with vitamin supplementation, such as vitamin C, E and riboflavin markedly decreased serum urea and increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes in the kidney even after cisplatin induction in cancer patients. These natural products possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory medicinal properties, and they can be safely used as a supplementary regime or combination therapy against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. The present review focused on the protective role of a few natural products which is widely used in folk medicines in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Probing into Therapeutic Anti-cancer Potential of Apigenin: Recent Trends and Future Directions

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-133
Author(s):  
Ajay Sharma ◽  
Abdul Ghani ◽  
Katrin Sak ◽  
Hardeep S. Tuli ◽  
Anil K. Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Key Terms

Background: Natural products represent a therapeutic option for the treatment of inflammation- associated diseases. Flavonoids which are one of the special categories of such natural products, have previously shown promising therapeutic potential. Objectives: The current review discusses the synthetic preview and anti-inflammatory potential of apigenin along with the underlying molecular mechanism in chronic human diseases especially cancer. In addition, the relevant patents on the therapeutic potential of apigenin have also been mentioned. Methods: A literature search was carried out using PubMed/Science, Google Scholar, etc. which was further expended by the different combination of keywords: apigenin, inflammation, mechanism, therapeutic potential, cancer, etc. Patent information was retrieved by searching the key terms: apigenin, inflammation, therapeutic potential from various databanks including Espacenet, Google Patents, Free Patents Online and Mendeley of WIPO, USPTO, SIPO, JPO, KIPO and EPO databases. Results: A total of 76 references have been found relevant with the theme of the manuscript. These citations have described recent ongoing advances in the area of inflammation and cancer with respect to apigenin. Conclusion: Studies related to the anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential of apigenin have been explored through this review article. Moreover, the patent analysis of apigenin has further strengthened its therapeutic role. Probing into the therapeutic properties of apigenin, further adds value to this molecule in terms of its downregulation of major inflammatory and cancer-associated signaling pathways. The article would simultaneously assist the scientific community to precisely understand the role of apigenin and design novel anti-cancer therapies.

scholarly journals The Role of the Immune System in IBD-Associated Colorectal Cancer: From Pro to Anti-Tumorigenic Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12739
Author(s):  
Sofía Frigerio ◽  
Dalia A. Lartey ◽  
Geert R. D’Haens ◽  
Joep Grootjans
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Immunosuppressive Microenvironment

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have increased incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). IBD-associated cancer follows a well-characterized sequence of intestinal epithelial changes, in which genetic mutations and molecular aberrations play a key role. IBD-associated cancer develops against a background of chronic inflammation and pro-inflammatory immune cells, and their products contribute to cancer development and progression. In recent years, the effect of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in cancer development and progression has gained more attention, mainly because of the unprecedented anti-tumor effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in selected groups of patients. Even though IBD-associated cancer develops in the background of chronic inflammation which is associated with activation of endogenous anti-inflammatory or suppressive mechanisms, the potential role of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in these cancers is largely unknown. In this review, we outline the role of the immune system in promoting cancer development in chronic inflammatory diseases such as IBD, with a specific focus on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms and suppressive immune cells that may play a role in IBD-associated tumorigenesis.

Lactoferrin as a potent natural supplement exhibiting a synergistic effect with drugs in antimicrobial and anticancer therapies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Gajda-Morszewski ◽  
Małgorzata Brindell
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Design ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Anticancer Properties ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

: For many years, natural products have played a crucial role in drug discovery and drug design as a source of active agents or as inspiration. Lactoferrin (Lf), a glycoprotein found in milk and mammalian secretions, has been extensively studied in recent years, and numerous antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties of Lf have been demonstrated in the literature. The use of lactoferrin as a co-agent or supplement to enhance the beneficial effect of drugs, or to reduce their side effects, arouses the interest of many researchers, especially since Lf is a well-studied, biocompatible, cheap, and easily accessible protein. In this mini-review, we focus on the elucidation of the role of Lf in antimicrobial or anticancer therapies, pointing to the possible mechanism underlying the determined synergism between Lf and commonly used drugs.

scholarly journals Eicosanoids in carcinogenesis

4open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn L.D.M. Brücher ◽  
Ijaz S. Jamall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Tissue Microenvironment ◽  
Fatty Acid Derivatives ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Inflammation is the body's reaction to pathogenic (biological or chemical) stimuli and covers a burgeoning list of compounds and pathways that act in concert to maintain the health of the organism. Eicosanoids and related fatty acid derivatives can be formed from arachidonic acid and other polyenoic fatty acids via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways generating a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins, resolvins and others. The cytochrome P450 pathway leads to the formation of hydroxy fatty acids, such as 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and epoxy eicosanoids. Free radical reactions induced by reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen free radical species lead to oxygenated lipids such as isoprostanes or isolevuglandins which also exhibit pro-inflammatory activities. Eicosanoids and their metabolites play fundamental endocrine, autocrine and paracrine roles in both physiological and pathological signaling in various diseases. These molecules induce various unsaturated fatty acid dependent signaling pathways that influence crosstalk, alter cell–cell interactions, and result in a wide spectrum of cellular dysfunctions including those of the tissue microenvironment. Although the complete role of eicosanoids, including that of the recently elucidated anti-inflammatory specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), e.g. lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins, is not completely understood, the result of unremitting chronic inflammation is fostering early stages of carcinogenesis. Chronic inflammation facilitates the transition from a normal cell to a cancerous one. The disruption of homeostasis across a wide, but identifiable, swath of diverse molecular pathways creates a micromilieu which constitutes an early and necessary step in the 6-step sequence of carcinogenesis for the vast majority of cancers, termed “sporadic cancers”.

scholarly journals Targeting IL-1β in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wuqian Mai ◽  
Yuhua Liao
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Clinical Translation ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effect ◽  
Interleukin 1Β ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Innate Immunity Pathway ◽  
Acute And Chronic Inflammation

The role of inflammation in atherosclerosis has been recognized several decades ago and existing treatments provide benefits in part through non-specific anti-inflammatory actions. Compared with other cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is associated with acute and chronic inflammation. Anti-inflammatory therapy with canakinumab targeting the IL-1β innate immunity pathway could significantly reduce the rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo. The results of CANTOS suggested an important role of IL-1β in atherosclerosis. However, there are numerous mechanisms that are to be clarified. We herein discussed the important immunomodulatory effect IL-1β exerts on atherosclerosis and the potential mechanisms underlying it. We also reviewed bench-to-bedside clinical translation of IL-1β neutralizing strategies associated with the use of IL-1β blockade in patients with atherosclerosis.

III. A molecular prelude to intestinal inflammation

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (4) ◽  
pp. G795-G799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. S. Miller ◽  
Manuel Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis is markedly augmented in states of inflammation, largely due to the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Although NO has anti-inflammatory consequences under basal conditions, it remains enigmatic as to why NO displays proinflammatory characteristics in chronic inflammation. Either the anti-inflammatory actions are weak and of little consequence or, alternatively, other factors influence the role of NO in chronic inflammation. We propose that the answer to this enigma lies in the conversion of NO to other higher oxides of nitrogen (NO2, nitrogen dioxide; N2O3, dinitrogen trioxide; and ONOO−, peroxynitrite). Emerging therapeutic strategies may be independent of NO synthesis; e.g., antioxidants have no direct interaction with NO but attenuate the levels and activity of higher nitrogen oxides. Thus, whereas iNOS may be a marker for the proinflammatory actions of NO, the species that mediate tissue injury/dysfunction in inflammation are likely to be nitrogen oxides other than NO.

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