Labor Demand, Unemployment, and the Cost of Social Insurance Schemes in Germany

1998 ◽  
pp. 213-234
Author(s):  
Regina T. Riphahn ◽  
Thomas Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Techno-economic performance of 4-row self-propelled mechanical rice transplanter at farmers field in Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-382
Author(s):  
AKMS Islam ◽  
MA Rahman ◽  
AKML Rahman ◽  
MT Islam ◽  
MI Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Labor Requirement ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Input Cost

Mechanical transplanting is an emerging technology in Bangladesh agriculture. Deadong DP480 rice transplanter was used to conduct the experiment which is imported from South Korea and China. The performance of this machine needs to be thoroughly investigated in local condition. This experiment was conducted in Boro (2015) season in the farmers’ field at Gosaidanga in Shailkupa upazila under Jhenaidah district and at Rashidpur in Mithapukur upazila under Rangpur district. Two treatments, i.e. T1 = Hand transplanting (HT) and T2 = Mechanical transplanting (MT) were used in the experiment. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated in six plots in each location. Rice variety BRRI dhan28 was used to conduct the experiment in both locations. Fuel consumption of 4-row walking type mechanical transplanter obtained 5.25 L/ha. The field capacity and field efficiency of rice transplanter   obtained 0.11-0.12 ha/hr and 64-70 percent, respectively. Conventional seedbed preparation required 37-55 man-hr/ha whereas 71-77 man-hr/ha required in mat type seedling suitable for mechanical transplanting. Labor requirement in hand and mechanical transplanting ranged from 123-150 and 9.0-10.5 man-hr per hectare which was 19-22 and 1.65-2.00 percent of total labor requirement in rice cultivation, respectively. Number of seedling tray requirement ranged from 215-230 per hectare. Calibration should be done on space and seedling density setting before operation in each plot to get optimum plant spacing and seedling tray requirement. Missing hill obtained 1-2 percent in mechanically transplanted plot. Mechanically transplanted plot showed significantly the higher grain yield (9-14%) than hand transplanted method due to use of infant seedling. The input cost in the form of labor and material was found similar in hand transplanting whereas in mechanical transplanting, labor cost found 12 percent lower than material cost. The cost of growing mat type seedling for mechanical transplanter found 53 percent whereas the cost of raising traditional seedbed found 34 percent of the cost of hand transplanting. Mechanical transplanting reduced 1.8 percent input cost than hand transplanting in crop cultivation. BCR of MT and HT showed 1.18-1.19 and 1.03-1.06, respectively. Mechanical intervention in crop production drastically reduced the labor requirement which can offset the peak labor demand. Mechanical transplanting systems increased yield, improved labor efficiency, ensured timeliness in operation and faster transplanting.Progressive Agriculture 27 (3): 369-382, 2016

An urban labor market with frictional housing markets: theory and an application to the Paris urban area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Chapelle ◽  
Etienne Wasmer ◽  
Pierre-Henri Bono
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
Welfare Effects ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Competitive Pricing ◽  
Urban Labor Market

Abstract We build a tractable model of frictional labor markets and segmented housing markets to study welfare effects of regulations, including spatial misallocation and deviation from competitive pricing of rents. The model is summarized by a labor demand curve depending on rents and wages, a wage curve reflecting labor market tightness and rents, and finally a rent curve reflecting employment. In this economy, the rent gradient in the flexible rent sector is higher than in a purely competitive housing market. This leads to spatial misallocation due to some employees commuting too much and some non-employed living inefficiently close to jobs. In turn, reducing generalized commuting costs reduces the rent gradient in the flexible rent sector and the cost of spatial misallocation of workers. The reduction in market rents is maximal when labor markets are less frictional and housing markets are more frictional, and welfare gains are larger when both are more efficient.

scholarly journals Assessment of Cost-Effectiveness on Remote Monitoring for Cardiovascular Devices in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Tomoya Shirane
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Remote Monitoring ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
Medical Council ◽  
Remote Monitoring System ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Cost

BACKGROUND: 2018 revision of the health insurance reimbursement in Japan brought additional fee for Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs) Management by Remote Monitoring. The adaption of CIEDs Remote Monitoring has already been recommended by the societies, but the cost-effectiveness evaluation about the system has not been enough. This research was designed, therefore, to evaluate the cost-effectiveness about CIEDs Remote Monitoring in Japan. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted along with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Certain criteria and search strategy were pre-defined to identify studies that could be included into this research. The process of the quality assessments was planned by Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) that were extracted from the included studies would be calculated into Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) with the reimbursement amount in Japan. RESULTS: Three studies met the systematic review criteria after the selection along with PRISMA flow diagram. The quality of the included studies was assured by CASP Checklists designed for RCT and Cohort Study. ICERs from the selected studies were provided as 569,697 JPY, 1,220,000 JPY, and 311, 111 JPY for the patient groups enrolled with Remote Monitoring system. CONCLUSION: ICERs for CIEDs Remote Monitoring were demonstrated as the cost-effective under the threshold set by Central Social Insurance Medical Council (Chuikyo). As this study put the validity of the cost-effectiveness approach in a certain field in Japan, this kind of evaluation should be performed on more areas along with the guideline by Chuikyo.

scholarly journals Local Labor Demand and Participation in Social Insurance Programs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asbjørn Andersen ◽  
Simen Markussen ◽  
Knut Røed
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Labor Demand

scholarly journals Kajian Literatur Sistematis: Skema Pengendalian Biaya dalam Asuransi Kesehatan Nasional di Beberapa Negara

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Pujiyanti ◽  
Ery Setiawan ◽  
Euis Ratnasari Jasmin ◽  
Indah Pratiwi Suwandi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Containment ◽  
Cost Sharing ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Waiting Period ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

AbstrakPengendalian biaya merupakan salah satu dari beberapa strategi untuk memastikan keseimbangan finansial dari skema asu­ransi kesehatan nasional. Beberapa model pengendalian biaya yang umum digunakan secara global yaitu seperti cost-shar­ing, capping, dan sebagainya. Review ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menentukan biaya dan dampak dari implementasi skema kebijakan sebagai instrumen pengendalian biaya di berbagai negara. Review sistematis dilakukan dengan mengambil data dari beberapa database yaitu Proquest, Pubmed, dan Cochrane Library dengan intervensi utamanya yaitu menggu­nakan metode cost-sharing. Hasil dari review difokuskan pada skema pengendalian biaya dari perspektif pemerintah, yaitu lingkup asuransi sosial yang dapat berupa modifikasi sistem pembayaran, cost-sharing, capping/quota, dan waiting period. Berdasarkan salah satu studi di Kanada, dapat dilihat bahwa dihasilkan dampak yang signifikan pada sistem kesehatan, mengurangi pengeluaran dan penggunaan obat yang tidak esensial, serta secara tidak langsung meningkatkan efisiensi pasar obat melalui kepedulian peserta dalam penggunan obat. Dalam penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa implementasi dari skema pengendalian biaya dapat mengurangi risiko bahaya dari perspektif peserta dengan kontribusi tambahan pada penggunaan pelayanan kesehatan. AbstractCost-containment is one of several strategies to ensure the financial sustainability of the National Health Insurance scheme. Sev­eral cost-containment models were commonly globally, such as cost-sharing, capping, and others. This review aims to determine the costs and impacts of implemented policy schemes as cost-containment instruments in various countries. We performed a systematic review from several primary databases (Proquest, Pubmed, and Cochrane Library) with the primary intervention are the cost-sharing methods. The results of our review focused on the cost containment scheme from the government perspective, in which the context of social insurance can be a modification of payment systems, cost-sharing, capping/quota, and waiting period. From one of the studies in Canada, we can see that the result has a significant impact on the health system, reducing the expendi­ture and the use of drugs that are not essential, and also indirectly improve the technical efficiency of the drug market through the care of participants in drug utilisation. In this research, it can be concluded that the implementation of cost containment schemes can reduce the moral hazard risk from the perspective of participants with additional contributions to the utilisation of healthcare services

Continental Western Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 825-843
Author(s):  
Bruno Palier
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
The Third ◽  
Welfare Systems ◽  
Social Contributions ◽  
Insurance Funds ◽  
Delivery Mechanism ◽  
The Cost

The chapter analyses the commonalities and transformations of the Bismarckian welfare systems of continental Western Europe. In these systems, social insurance is the primary delivery mechanism, access to benefits is mainly based on work and contribution record, benefits are mainly in cash and calculated as a proportion of past earnings, the biggest share of the financing comes from social contributions paid by employers and employees, and the governance and management of these systems is partly run by collective, compulsory social insurance funds. These features dominate the welfare systems of Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, and, to a lesser degree, the Netherlands. The first part of the chapter focuses on the origins of these systems, the main goals they tried to achieve through their historical development, and the specific principles on which they rely. The second part shows how these systems developed and functioned during their Golden Age, emphasizing their institutional traits and complementarities with certain forms of industrial capitalism. The third part analyses the specificities of the crises these systems are facing, especially the cost of labour. The final part presents the various sequences of welfare reform that have led these systems to adopt structural reforms, especially. The conclusion focuses on the dualization processes that characterize the main changes of Bismarckian welfare systems.

Cost-Benefit Analysis in a Situation of Unemployment: Calculating the Decline in Unemployment as a Result of the Realization of a Government Project

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thijs Zuidema
Keyword(s):  
Response Function ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Government Project ◽  
Market Wage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost

The subject of this article is the cost-benefit analysis (cba) of government projects in a situation of unemployment. In calculating the opportunity costs of a project, the costs of otherwise unemployed persons employed by the project are valued at a shadow wage below the market wage. An estimate of this shadow wage can be derived from an estimate of the decline in unemployment as a result of the project. To this end, we deduce a response function on the basis of UV-analysis (U=unemployment, V=vacancies) in this article. This response function was estimated for the Netherlands. The empirical results indicate that the probability of a decline in unemployment as a result of a unit increase in labor demand is rather high.

scholarly journals Private Provision of Social Insurance: Drug-Specific Price Elasticities and Cost Sharing in Medicare Part D

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liran Einav ◽  
Amy Finkelstein ◽  
Maria Polyakova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Sharing ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Medicare Part D ◽  
Medicare Part ◽  
Elastic Demand ◽  
Part D ◽  
Price Elasticities ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Substantial Heterogeneity ◽  
Do So

We explore how private drug plans set cost sharing in the context of Medicare Part D. While publicly provided drug coverage typically involves uniform cost sharing across drugs, we document substantial heterogeneity in the cost sharing for different drugs within privately provided plans. We also document that private plans systematically set higher consumer cost sharing for drugs or classes associated with more elastic demand; to do so, we estimate price elasticities of demand across more than 150 drugs and across more than 100 therapeutic classes. We conclude by discussing the various channels that likely affect private plans’ cost-sharing decisions. (JEL G22, H51, I13, I18, L11, L65)

scholarly journals A Unified Welfare Analysis of Government Policies*

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 1209-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Hendren ◽  
Ben Sprung-Keyser
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Welfare Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Marginal Value ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Abstract We conduct a comparative welfare analysis of 133 historical policy changes over the past half-century in the United States, focusing on policies in social insurance, education and job training, taxes and cash transfers, and in-kind transfers. For each policy, we use existing causal estimates to calculate the benefit that each policy provides its recipients (measured as their willingness to pay) and the policy’s net cost, inclusive of long-term effects on the government’s budget. We divide the willingness to pay by the net cost to the government to form each policy’s Marginal Value of Public Funds, or its ``MVPF''. Comparing MVPFs across policies provides a unified method of assessing their effect on social welfare. Our results suggest that direct investments in low-income children’s health and education have historically had the highest MVPFs, on average exceeding 5. Many such policies have paid for themselves as the government recouped the cost of their initial expenditures through additional taxes collected and reduced transfers. We find large MVPFs for education and health policies among children of all ages, rather than observing diminishing marginal returns throughout childhood. We find smaller MVPFs for policies targeting adults, generally between 0.5 and 2. Expenditures on adults have exceeded this MVPF range in particular if they induced large spillovers on children. We relate our estimates to existing theories of optimal government policy, and we discuss how the MVPF provides lessons for the design of future research.

scholarly journals Local labor demand and participation in social insurance programs

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 101767
Author(s):  
Asbjørn Goul Andersen ◽  
Simen Markussen ◽  
Knut Røed
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Labor Demand
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